James’s Radical Empiricism: Sensation and Pure Experience

This chapter examines the concept of sensation in William James’s Principles of Psychology (1890). Like empiricists before him, James thought that the contents of the mind are built up from sensations; this is the sensationalism of the Principles. But for him, this interior location is secondary to sensation’s first location, which is exterior to the mind. In James’s psychology, the interiority and exteriority of sensations are differentiated by their role in the economy of the mind. In his radically empiricist metaphysics, the economy of the mind will become the economy of the world. The law-governed dualism of mind and body persists, even if these categories are anachronistic from a metaphysical viewpoint. The world of pure experience retains the nomic structure introduced in the Principles, and as such it is not autonomous from the physical. The physical is rendered pure-experiential, but its relationship to the mental, also now rendered pure-experiential, remains governed by scientific law. The chapter then considers how, in the Principles, James’s sensationalism is tied to his cerebralism.

Digital technologies and freedom of movement of the population as key factors in the development of a sharing economy

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the fact that the full existence and development of human society is impossible without the production of public goods and their provision. In recent years, the concept of the public good has undergone major changes that have affected the development of all spheres of human life. The spread of an economic model based on the collective use of services and goods (sharing economy) has a huge impact on the development of the service sector and the change in the production of public goods. This requires a deeper and more com-prehensive study of the processes taking place in the economy. Subject/topic: study of the factors of development of a sharing economy from the moment of its occurrence in modern society. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to identify key factors contributing to the development of a sharing economy in modern conditions. Research objectives: – determine what acts as the main catalyst for the development of a sharing economy and contributes to its growth; – identify factors that impede the development of a sharing economy. Results. In the course of the study, an analysis was made of the essential factors in the development of the sharing economy and the most basic ones were identified: freedom of movement of the population and digital information and communication technologies. Conclusions/relevance. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the emergence of a modern sharing economy was made possible thanks to the widespread dissemination of information technology, specialized online services, mobile broadband Internet access, social networks and mobile applications. The factors modeling the demand for services of joint (common) use and shaping the features of their marketing: fashion for travel and tourism; external and internal migration; population mobility. The significance of the study is due to the fact that the article assesses the current situation in the context of the spread of COVID-19, as well as taking into account the potential consequences of this phenomenon for the development of a sharing economy. The economy of co-consumption carries a hidden threat to the traditional eco-nomic structure. At the same time, the new challenges to humanity associated with the spread of the coronavirus put into great doubt the prospects for sharing and the very concept of «a world without borders».

AGARICOID BASIODIMYCETES IN PETROZAVODSK CITY GREEN SPACES (REPUBLIC OF KARELIA)

The paper reports the results of studies on the taxonomic and trophic structure of agaricoid basidiomycetes in urban stands of the main forest tree species of the boreal zone (Betula, Larix, Picea, Pinus). Altogether 111 species of macromycetes of 59 genera, 33 families and 8 orders were found. The leader in terms of the number of species in this mycobiota is the group of mycorrhiza-forming fungi. The biota of agaricoid fungi is of the boreal type with the taxo-nomic structure most vividly demonstrating the traits of the mycobiota typical of the middle taiga subzone of Karelia. A distinctive feature of the mycobiota is the high number of species in the families Agaricaceae and Russulaceae, which are common in ruderal habitats and the forest zone. A comparison of the species composition and ratios in the taxonomic structure of the mycobiota between plant communities of urban and undisturbed areas, as well as Karelia in general showed a low level of similarity and pointed to gaps in the current inventory of agarics in the boreal zone of Republic. The highest species diversity of macromycetes was found in spruce stands, and the lowest in larch stands. The structure of the agaricoid fungal biota in sample plots in the spruce-, birch- and larch stands was relatively stable, with some fluctuation. As to the structure of the pine stand mycobiota, the spectrum of families ranked by the number of species in them changed along the human pressure gradient, and the trophic structure changed accordingly. The number of symbiotrophic species decreased, litter-related saprotrophs disappeared, the leading position was taken over by humus-related saprotrophs. The surveys revealed the presence of 11 red-listed species classified into two categories – near threatened (NT) and data deficient (DD) species.

The Effect of Marriage on the Well-Being of Adults

We live in a society in which the roles of the individual tend to be both specialized and compartmentalized. Because of the fragmentation of one's relationships it is difficult for an individual to establish a clear identity and to demonstrate to others, and thus oneself, that one is a person of worth. Marriage is a very private relationship and couples are able to develop a social system with its own nomic structure that reflects their attributes and interests. It is a place where one's roles are brought together and decisions are made with regard to how one will perform those roles. An individual's investment in the marital relationship as indicated by time and resources is substantial. It is also an intimate relationship with a high level of emotional involvement and substantial rights and obligations. The primary interaction provided by the marital relationship is thus particularly well suited to the development of a clear definition of the individual's self and worth. Because of these attributes, marriage tends to be strongly related to the well-being of individuals. However, these attributes also often cause conflict and anger in the marital relationship. The benefits of marriage are strongly related to the fact that marriage is a very private relationship. However, because the marital relationship is very personal and private, it tends to be unstable and this instability undercuts many of the benefits derived from marriage. The privacy of marriage also makes effective societal intervention to achieve societal goals particularly difficult.

Formation des classes, luttes populaires et discours religieux au Nicaragua

The article describes in the first part the constitution of the social classes in Nicaragua. In the first periode, after Indepen dence till the 1850ies, the major groups were constituted by a class of owners of cattle (ganaderos) and another one of peasants. Cof fee plantation introduced Nicaragua into the world capitalist eco nomic structure, but this became more acute still after the intro duction of cotton in the 1950ies. The international importance of the region has been underlined by the frequent interventions of the USA in the country, considered as a part of its zone of secu rity. The US marines left Nicaragua only after the organization of the Guarda Nacional, headed by Somoza. After 45 years of dicta torship, the regime was overthrown by a coalition of popular for ces, organized by the Sandinist Front and a part of the bourgeoisie (conservative and liberal).