Indigenous Knowledge in Mundum and Suptulung

The dominance of formal education over the indigenous education along with the language and culture has been a pressing issue in almost all cultures of the world. The Nepalese education system is also largely influenced by the western education system. So, it is inevitable that Nepalese students too are influenced by the western education. Rai community is one of 125 indigenous groups having rich indigenous knowledge. Particularly, they have vocational education of the food security that transforms the knowledge through the cultural practices, which is close to nature and thus a unique one. The significance of the food security means survival for the whole year. Mundumic education focuses on the survival in nature and to reduction of poverty. However, such indigenous type of cultural activities as part of education have not been recognized and put into priority in the government’s curriculum. This is an example of a missing link of such cultural heritage in our curriculum. Therefore, I propose here to explain a typical Binayo Movie thematically having indignity in its content suitable for inclusion in national curriculum. This Movie is a key to establish the Mundum and Suptulung identity within this community contributing to indigenous identity for the future generations. Thus, this article explores some significant aspects of Mundumic cultural education which helps conserve indigenous knowledge on the one hand, and on the other, reduce poverty through indigenous skills of food production and security.

Exploration of Teachers' Role in Resource Class: A Case from an Integrated School

This study aimed at exploring the teacher’s role in resource class especially focusing on how resource teacher contributes to mainstreaming of children with disability. For this purpose, the researcher applied hermeneutics phenomenology as a research design. Five resource teachers from two integrated school from Kathmandu valley were selected as research participants by purposive sampling. The researchers adopted in depth interview and class observation to gather the rigorous information. Data analysis had been carried out along with the categorization of themes of collaboration, observation of activities of resource teachers and understanding of service delivery model. From the interview protocol the responses were transcribed and basic themes had been organized. Main themes were extracted from the basic themes. Main theme had been discussed with thematic network to draw final conclusion. The findings showed that the roles and responsibility of resource teachers are to support general teacher, to teach basic adaptive skills for children with the disability, creating collaborative environment with the parents and professionals. Therefore, the resource teacher’s roles to identification of need for children with disability, co-operation with parents and general teachers that contributes to transition planning in the individualized education plan. The findings provided implications that produced a plan to assist in the collaboration between the two educational environments.

Health Seeking Processes of Leprosy Patients in a Hill District of Nepal

To shorten delays in leprosy diagnosis, health-seeking processes have to be understood and documented. In 2015, the International Nepal Fellowship launched a three-year research project on the subject. One part of the project was a community study in which recent health-seeking efforts were to be studied in the light of earlier ones. The focus of this article is upon insights gained in field research in a village and its immediate surroundings in the district of Jajarkot, western Nepal. The research highlights the importance of a longitudinal, patient-focused study that covers the period from just before the start of leprosy services until late 2018. The research methods include participant observations, narratives, in-depth interviews, and documentary and statistical enquiries. The research shows that the introduction of the Multi Drug Therapy (MDT) in the early 1980s has drastically changed the local leprosy situation. The number of new cases has declined, there are far less impairments and disabilities, and those recognized as affected are no longer excommunicated. However, the delays before diagnosis tend to be long. A lack of leprosy diagnosing skills within the health services sector is one reason. The residents not recognizing early signs and symptoms is another. An expectation of leprosy endemic in certain kinship groups, and not in others, is yet another. And, for some, so is the fear of social stigma. Moreover, there is the delaying factor of more than one set of beliefs and practices in relation to leprosy:a traditional, mainly magic-religious outlook and approach which co-exists with allopathic (biomedical) views and methods.

‘बाँदर्नी मैयाँको कथा’ लोककथाको विधातात्विक अध्ययन "Badarni Maiyako" Katha ko Bidhatatwik Adhyayan

लोककथाले समाज र हिजोको सामाजिक आवरणलाई चित्रण गरेको हुन्छ । यस अध्ययनमा लोकवार्ताअन्तर्गत लोकसाहित्यभित्र पर्ने लोककथालाई चिनाइएको छ । अध्ययनका लागि छनोटगरिएको ‘बाँदर्नी मैयाँको कथा’ लाई कथानक, पात्र, परिवेश, उद्देश्य र भाषाशैलीका आधारमासैद्धान्तिक र कथागत सामग्रीमा प्रयुक्त उद्धरणलाई लिएर विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमालोकसाहित्यका सिद्धान्त र लोककथाको संरचनात्मक पक्षलाई ध्यानमा राखेर कथावस्तुमा व्यक्त भएकोसन्दर्भलाई समीक्षात्मक चर्चा गरिएको छ । स्वैरकल्पनामा आधारित र मनोरञ्जनप्रद विषयवस्तुलाईबोकेको यस कथाले आदर्श समाजको दर्शनलाई बोध गराएको छ । सत्यको विजय हुने भावलाईदर्शाउन सुखान्तक कथावस्तुका आधारमा यो कथा पूर्वीय दर्शनको आस्तिक मान्यतामा आधारित छ ।पुस्तकालयीय सामग्रीलाई आधार मानेर सम्पन्न गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधिकोउपयोग गरिएको छ । कथातŒवगत प्रकृतिका आधारमा यस अध्ययनको निष्कर्षलाई पेस गरिएको छ ।

पठन सिप विकासमा प्रारम्भिक कक्षा पढाइ कार्यक्रमको सान्दर्भिकता Pathan Sip Bikasma Prarambhik Kakshya Padhai Karyakramko Sandharbhikata

यो अध्ययन राष्ट्रिय प्रारम्भिक कक्षा पढाइ कार्यक्रमको योजना र विकासमा आधारित छ । उक्त कार्यक्रमको सान्दर्भिकतालाई शैक्षिक गुणस्तर अभिवृद्धिका हिसाबले मूल्याङ्कन गर्नु नै यस अध्ययनकोउद्देश्य रहेको छ । अध्ययनलाई यस कार्यक्रमसँग सम्बन्धित आधार सामग्री, तालिम स्रोत सामग्री,मार्गदर्शनलगायत अन्य मातृभाषा विषयक द्वितीयक स्रोत सामग्रीलाई आधार मानेर गुणात्मक अध्ययनविश्लेषण गरिएको छ । विद्यार्थीको सिकाइमा केन्द्रित भई शिक्षाको गुणस्तर सुधार गर्ने मूल उद्देश्यअनुरूप नेपाल सरकार, शिक्षा मन्त्रालयले पञ्चवर्षीय कार्यक्रमको रूपमा आ.व. २०७१÷०७२ देखिआधारभूत तह (कक्षा १–३) मा यस कार्यक्रमको थालनी गरेको हो । यसले ‘बुझेर पढ्ने र पढेर बुझ्ने’मान्यताका आधारमा प्रारम्भिक तहमा पढाइ सिप राम्रो भएमा समग्र शिक्षाको जग बलियो हुन्छ भन्नेअवधारणालाई अघि सारेको छ । पठन संस्कृतिलाई व्यवस्थित विकास गर्ने गरी ६ ओटा तŒवलाईनिर्दिष्ट गरेको यस कार्यक्रममा मातृभाषा शिक्षालाई विशेष जोड दिइएको छ । यिनै विषयवस्तुकोमहत्तालाई केन्द्रमा राखेर यस अध्ययनमा प्रारम्भिक तहमा पढाइ सिप विकासको आवश्यकता, मातृभाषाशिक्षा, नीति तथा यस कार्यक्रमको व्यावहारिकता लगायतका सन्दर्भलाई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।

माध्यमिक तहका कथाहरूमा कोशीय संसक्ति Madhyamik Tahaka Kathaharuma Koshiya Samshakti

प्रस्तुत लेख आख्यानात्मक विधाअन्तर्गत पर्ने कथा विधामा प्रयुक्त कोशीय संसक्तिको अध्ययन विश्लेषणमा आधारित रहेको छ । वस्तुतः यसअन्तर्गत माध्यमिक तह (कक्षा नौ र दश) मा समाविष्टकथाहरूमा प्रयुक्त कोशीय संसक्ति र यसअन्तर्गतका विविध भेदहरूकोे सूक्ष्म समीक्षण गरिएकोछ । यस अध्ययनमा मूलतः भाषावैज्ञानिक ह्यालिडे र हड्सनद्वारा प्रस्तुत संसक्तिसम्बन्धी सैद्धान्तिकअवधारणालाई अध्ययनको आधारका रूपमा लिइएको छ । यस क्रममा पुनरुक्ति र सन्निधानजस्ताकोशीय संसक्तिको अध्ययन गरिएको छ, जसमध्ये पुनरुक्तिअन्तर्गत पुनरावृत्ति, पर्यायवाची, विपरीतार्थी,समावेशी–समावेश्य र अङ्गी–अङ्गको पहिचान र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ भने सन्निधानअन्तर्गत भाषिकशब्दहरूका बिच सान्निध्य सम्बन्ध स्थापित गर्ने कोशीय सिक्रीहरूको सूक्ष्म अन्वेषण गरिएको छ ।यस क्रममा माध्यमिक तहका कथा विधामा प्रयुक्त कोशीय संसक्तिको स्थिति, विशेषता र पाठरचनामातिनले खेलेको भूमिका अध्ययनलाई विशेष जोड दिइएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा मिश्रित अनुसन्धानविधि (परिमाणात्मक र गुणात्मक) को अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट आख्यानात्मक सङ्कथन वा रचनामा प्रयोग हुने कोशीय संसक्ति र तिनको भूमिकाबारे जानकारी प्राप्त गर्न मद्दत पुग्नेअपेक्षा गरिएको छ ।

Influence of Smriti Texts to Women Leadership Development in Cooperatives

The patriarchy under Hindu tradition has been an issue of shaping role of female in present society. Their role in the family and in the society has been taken as supportive on financial mobilization rather in leading position as compared to men. Financial mobilization through cooperatives has been accepted as a key component for economic development of Nepalese community. It may be the appropriate way of increasing income, generating employment opportunities and eradicating poverty. This study has aimed at analysing the relationship of female leadership within the circumstances of Hindu tradition, cooperative movement, and analyzed the effect of intervention factors of financial mobilization. This article has been prepared after the analytical review of Hindu ancient literatures and present policies, social customs and traditions. Information was analyzed and impact of the variables on female leadership was assessed. The result has demonstrated that the Hindu tradition has an average positive influence on financial mobilization, while investment opportunities and intervening variables have a strong positive influence on empowering women leadership in cooperatives. The Smriti texts including Manu Smriti texts were the factors that hindered the Nepalese women to take part the leadership role in their family and the community.

Factors Affecting Teacher Motivation in Nepal

The major aim of this paper is to report the finding of a study that aims at analyzing different factors influencing teacher motivation towards the teaching profession. To this goal, a mixed method approach was used and quantitative data were collected from 430 teachers, teaching at the Basic Level, from six districts using a set of questionnaires. Qualitative data were gathered from 48 teachers, six resources persons, six teacher trainers and three policy-makers. The major findings of the study show that multiple factors influence teacher motivation towards teaching profession, which are broadly categorized under four areas: individual, school related, socio cultural and political. Policy-related factors include salary and benefits, leave facility, promotion, training, pensions and freedom to trade union. Similarly, school-related factors for teacher motivation include school management, leadership, teaching load, professional development opportunities and feedback and reinforcement mechanism. Student-related factors contain class size, student composition, regularity, and discipline. Socio-cultural factors for teacher motivation include social recognition of teachers, political interference and teacher-parent cooperation. Finally, the issue of teacher performance and motivation should be tied up with the policies of teacher professional development.

Headteachers' Instructional Leadership at Community Schools

This article explores instructional leadership of few head teachers of Dhading district. Due to the primitive model of school leadership, students faced obstacles in achieving educational goals. The objectives of this research are to explore the tradition of the head teachers' leadership of school and the role of the head teachers for the transformation of the educational attempts and achievements. This research followed phenomenological research method. Five head teachers leading the schools for more than a decade were interviewed. The data thus collected were interpreted through coding, categorizing and comparing the key themes. The research finds that the leadership role of the head teachers in the past was responsible for lagging behind the target of the educational achievement as recommended by the curriculum. This study concludes that the school leadership must be cross-threaded in instructional process, pedagogy, information, and communication technology (ICT).

‘दोषी चस्मा’ कथामा असामान्य मनोविश्लेषण "Doshi Chasma" Kathama Asamanya Manobigyan

यस लेखमा नेपाली साहित्यका अति चर्चित आख्यानकार विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाको ज्यादैलोकप्रिय कथा ‘दोषी चस्मा’ को मनोवैज्ञानिक पक्षको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । कथाको विश्लेषणकोआधार फ्रायडीय मनोविश्लेषण सिद्धान्तको विधिलाई बनाइएको छ । कथाकारको परिचय र कथागतप्रवृत्ति उल्लेख गर्दै कथाभित्रको मनोविश्लेषणात्मक पक्षलाई केलाइएको छ । खास गरी विविध कथागतविशेषतालाई केलाउँदै कथामा चित्रित असामान्य मनोविश्लेषणको व्याख्यामा प्रस्तुत लेख केन्द्रितरहेको छ । कथामा असामान्य मनोविश्लेषण छ कि छैन भन्ने पक्षलाई समस्याका रूपमा लिई छभन्ने प्राक्कल्पनालाई पुष्टि गर्ने तथ्यहरूलाई कथागत मनोघटनाहरूकै आधारमा साक्षी राखेर केलाईनिष्कर्षमा पुग्नु लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । कथाका मनोघटनाहरूको सूक्ष्म अध्ययनबाट कथामा एउटाचाकरीबाजको असामान्य मनोविश्लेषणको स्थिति कलात्मक रूपमा देखाइएको छ भन्ने निष्कर्षनिकालिएको छ । कोइरालाका कथाहरूलाई यस प्रकारको फ्रायडीय मनोविश्लेषणको सिद्धान्तबाट सटीक विश्लेषण गर्न सकिने नमुना यस लेखले प्रस्तुत गरेको छ ।