Role of Venture Capitalists, Industries and Start-Up Companies in Commercialization of Genomics Science

The chapter defined venture capital and carefully explained the functions of such enterprise which play monumental role in the technological development of any nation. The intent of many bona-fide VC is to meticulously select worth-while ideas which have the potential for generating income stream to investors and creating needed services and economic opportunities for society. Prototypes of Venture capitalists were presented in the major urban communities across United States. With the ongoing genomic revolution, Venture Capitalists have a significant role to play in investing in several, budding start-up companies. We also discussed the glowing initiatives, demonstrated by leaders and entrepreneurs from China. BGI has become the best institute for other developing nations to emulate. The projected, potential return on investment in genomics has been predicted to be over 100billion US dollar.

China's Philanthropic Gestures, Genomic Technologies, and the Imminent Setbacks in Developing Nations

This study focused on the trajectory of the human genome sequencing and the emanating technologies developed to address the leading causes of death in the industrialized nations. It also examined the flourishing biotechnology and industrial startup companies established for wealth creation. However, in the developing and least-developed nations, we discussed the inability of these nations to have access to capital, the Internet and other telecommunication network to create quadripartite linkage among governments, industries, universities, venture capitalists who create local startup companies. The need to ingeniously revise, and develop innovative technologically-oriented curricula in their academic institutions was emphasized. By far most important, they must invest intellectual resources to eliminate the existing barriers between scientific disciplines and behavioral sciences, because genomics is an eclectic science. Expert committees formed from these intellectual groups could devise the strategies and recommendations to eliminate poverty, reduce unemployment and eventually create badly needed national wealth.

Genomics Applications in Public Health

In the transformation of health, through genomics applications in public health, many of the disease burdens which were incriminated for low life expectancies are being scientifically challenged. However, efficient environmental sanitation played a major role in the eradication of hitherto life threatening vector-borne diseases. However, the outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases and chronic and degenerative conditions pose new challenges. Dr. Zerhouni, the former director of the National Institutes of Health meticulously identified the aging phenomenon. Health disparities and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and emerging non-communicable (obesity) as the precursors new health problems which demand innovative strategies. He has suggested, as key of the components of the future paradigm, the four Ps which comprise predictive, personalized, preemptive and, participatory techniques to combat national and international public health challenges. This innovative approached is currently being utilized to preempt the onset of many chronic and degenerative diseases.

Genomic Technologies and the Emergence of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)

In this chapter, we will discuss China being on record as one of the most progressive member of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). The huge population census, the high literacy rate, coupled with the training and graduation of over 300,000 technical experts annually are abundant evidence for China to become a leader in genomic science among the BRICS. The state-of-the-art technological resources for sequencing, which were recently acquired in China, has facilitated the accomplishment of innovative sequencing of animals, plants, and insects, which are components of the ecological fauna and flora of Asia. The Beijing Genomic Institute is the largest genome-based research organization in the world. Other progressing developing nations such as Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa are making steady progress in genomic science.

Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics and the Medicinal Values of Vegetables and Fruits

Since the accomplishment of the human genome sequencing project by March 25, 2003, nutritionists, biochemists, and modern genome epidemiologists became involved in genome-based nutritional research studies. In fact, the completion of a high-quality, comprehensive sequencing of the human genome derived from the discovery of the double-helical structure of the DNA became a landmark event that has influenced several realms of academic research disciplines and their applications to maximize public health and minimize harm to health care consumers.

Biotechnology, Human Genome Sequencing Technologies, and the Medical, Public Health, and Wealth Creation Initiatives in the Industrialized G8 Nations

This project focused on the return on investment from the Human Genome Sequencing Project, and we characterized the quality of life indices and economic resources in the G8 nations. The research team explored the existing scientific infrastructures already in place in the industrialized nations, even before the completion of the human genome sequencing by March 2003. Their authentic and well-established technological workforce developed a new generation of innovative technologies for inexpensive, spontaneous, and precise genomic sequencing. The project team not only discussed the medical, public health and economic benefits derived from genomic research, but also compiled the fledging careers in bioscience and genetics in the G8 nations.

Global Genomic Response to Neonatal Screening

In the age of genomic science, neonatal screening for sickle cell anemia involves critical ethical legal, social, and financial implications. The screening for early identification of children most likely to face the complications associated with sickle cell disease was designed to enable parents utilize the state of the art scientific curative care to enable their children to live economically productive lifestyle. However, screening must not be used for discrimination and refusal to insure patient with sickle cell disease. The availability of bone marrow transplant and gene-therapies are clinical options to assist at-risk patients.

Microbial Genomics in the Developed and Developing Nations

This chapter assessed the nature of microbes and microbial genomics in the developed and developing nations. The role of microbial agents has become extremely crucial in the commercialization of genomic science. As a result of human civilization in the twenty-first century the use of petrochemical products play monumental role in meeting the energy needs of developed, developing and the least developed nations. Inadvertently, the price we pay for management inefficiently periodically can be frightening. Therefore, we have accentuated the role of microbes and the relevance of rational sustainable development. Exponential growth in various resource converting techniques, without considering environmental degradation, has spurred the periodic unplanned ecological disasters in United States and other oil-producing nations. Unless there is concerted international, political, and scientific commitment to mitigate the spewing of greenhouse gases, there will be disastrous consequences on the environment worldwide.

Wealth Creation from the Commercialization of Genomics Science

In this chapter, we provided a synopsis about the inception of the human genome sequencing initiative. The role of the Nobel Laureate (James D. Watson) in enabling this gigantic scientific venture to be accomplished cannot be overemphasized. The United States National Institute of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy characterized the thematic units of the sequencing efforts, which eventually led to wealth creation. We have predicted that in the next decade, wealth derived from genomic science could be concentrated in few commercial enterprises in the G8 nations and China. The intervention of the various international health and educational organizations are needed to eliminate global genomic disparities. The ethical legal, social, and financial implications of genomic research were also discussed. The enormous economic and medical benefits of genomics were outlined. Efforts were made to compare the diffusion of genomic scientific interventions in the progressive developing nations such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) and the least-developing countries as Angola, Bangladesh, and the Republic of Benin, among others. The financial implications involved in implementing comprehensive genomic sciences in these least-developing nations were discussed.

Genomics and Genetics in Cardiovascular Disease

This section addresses the origin and relevance of Framingham study to genomic epidemiology of heart disease whereby we explore the economic burden associated with chronic cardiovascular diseases, discuss the gene chromosomes associated with these complex diseases. Besides we accentuate the relevance of the family history approach (FHA) in the identification of intrafamilial risk factors underlying onset of cardiovascular disease and discuss the relevance of the health belief model in sensitizing at-risk groups to participate in primary preventive programs. Finally, we compare the technological and medical diagnostic management of cardiovascular disease in the developed and developing nations, and specify the natural pathways and approaches to heart health.