‘राजनीति’ कथामा सबाल्टर्न 'Rajniti' Kathama Subaltarn

प्रस्तुत लेखमा कथाकार नारायण ढकालद्वारा लिखित ‘राजनीति’ कथालाई सबाल्टर्नसिद्धान्तका कोणबाट विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । समाजमा सदियौंदेखि रहेर अमूल्य योगदान गरेपनि इतिहास लुकाइएका, अधिकार खोसिएका, आवाज दबाइएका, कमजोर तथा अपहेलितसमुदाय नै समग्रमा सबाल्टर्न हो । सबाल्टर्न एउटा छाता शब्द भएकाले यसभित्र धेरै कुराअटाउन सक्ने भए पनि यस लेखमा विवेच्य कथामा रहेको वर्गीय, जातीय र वैचारिकसबाल्टर्नको अवस्था अनि उनीहरूको सामाजिक स्थान, प्रभुत्व र प्रतिरोधको अवस्थाकोविश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस कथामा वर्गीय, जातीय, वैचारिक सबाल्टर्नका रूपमा माझीपरिवार रहेको छ भने मुखिया तथा अन्य कर्मचारीहरू गैरसबाल्टर्न वर्गका प्रतिनिधिकारूपमा रहेका छन् । सबाल्टर्न वर्गको सामाजिक स्थान अत्यन्त कष्टपूर्ण अवस्थामा छ भनेअभिजात वर्गको केन्द्रीय संस्कृतिको प्रभुत्व नै सबैमाथि शासन गर्न सफल भएको हुनालेसबाल्टर्न वर्गको प्रतिरोध सामथ्र्य विफल भएको देखाइएको छ । सबाल्टर्न सिद्धान्तभित्रसमेटिन आउने महत्त्वपूर्ण क्षेत्रहरू वर्गीय, जातीय, वैचारिक सबाल्टर्नको अवस्था अनिउनीहरूको सामाजिक स्थान, प्रभुत्व र प्रतिरोध चेतना आदि सबैको सुन्दर संयोजन भएकोयो कथा सबाल्टर्नमैत्री कथा हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

यौनिकताका कोणबाट ‘आवरण’ उपन्यासको विश्लेषण Yaunikataka Konbata "Aabaran" Upanyasko Vishleshan

प्रस्तुत लेख यौनिकताको सैद्धान्तिक स्वरूप निर्माण गरी त्यसका आधारमा ‘आवरण’उपन्यासको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखमा विपरीत लिङ्गी, समलिङ्गी, द्विलिङ्गी,अन्तरलिङ्गी तथा परिवर्तित लिङ्गी यौनिकताको सैद्धान्तिक स्वरूप प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।प्रस्तुत लेखमा उपन्यासका लैङ्गिक तथा यौनिक सन्दर्भहरूको सोदाहरण विश्लेषण गरीनिष्कर्षात्मक मूल्याङ्कनसमेत गरिएको छ । आवरण उपन्यास यौनिक तथा लैङ्गिक हिंसाखेप्न बाध्य तेस्रो लिङ्गीहरूका समस्यामा आधारित छ । उपन्यासका तेस्रो लिङ्गी रअन्य पात्रहरूको स्वभाव तथा प्रवृत्ति गतिशील छ । उपन्यासमा यौनिक अल्पसङ्ख्यकप्रतिअभिभावक तथा समाजको सकारात्मक बुझाइ हुनुपर्ने, तिनको जैविक अवस्थाको विशेषख्याल गर्दै सम्मानपूर्ण व्यवहार गर्नुपर्ने पक्षतर्पm सङ्केत गरिएको छ । कृतिमा वैचारिकपरिवर्तन, जिम्मेवारीबोध तथा स्वीकारलाई प्रस्तुत गर्दै तेस्रो लिङ्गीहरूलाई मूल प्रवाहीकरणगरिएको छ ।

Absurdism in Atirikta Yatra by K. S. Yatri and The American Dream by Edward Albee

The purpose of this work is to study Edward Albee and K. S. Yatri’s approach regarding the status of respective societies of America and Nepal with absurd drama following their agenda. K. S. Yatri and Edward Albee seemed to be influenced by the absurdist mode of drama which concerns much about the modern existence of social human beings. Albee follows absurdist traces in the dramatization of uncertainty, alienation and the question of freedom in The American Dream. His characters do not have fixed identities, and they suffer from their individual problems. The notion of the characters and their activities too are uncertain. In the same way, the ambiguity of existence, whether the characters really are or not, is a problem for the characters in Atirikta Yatra. The characters are based on illusions, and the line between the reality and fantasy is missing. Alienation of the human being from the self and the other is existential theme that K. S. Yatri deals with in Atirikta Yatra. Alienation in the play is caused by the lack of communication, and as a result, the isolated self is entrapped in Yatri’s characters due to their own condition. Freedom becomes a confusing question in his works as it makes the characters anxious while choosing one option among various others on their own, and it renders the characters responsible for their free choices. Though, two texts belong to divergent space however both show how absurdism has affected individuals and society everywhere at present.

Nepalese Tax Structure: An Analytical Perspective

Tax is the major source of revenue for the government, and development of any country’s economy largely depends on the tax structure it has adopted. A Tax structure which facilitates easy business and leaves no chance for tax evasion brings prosperity to a country’s economy. On the other hand, tax structure that has provisions for tax evasion and the one which does not facilitate ease of doing business shows down the economic growth. Nepal has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of the Government, in accordance to the constitutional provisions. Nepali tax system has gone through many reforms but still it is very far from being an ideal one. Many problems like tax evasion, reliance on indirect taxes, black money and existence of parallel economy show that Nepali tax system requires some major reforms in the future ahead to address all this problem. This study is purely based on secondary data. Various figures are obtained from different sources of the government of Nepal. It is seen that there is major dependence on indirect taxes than the direct taxes.

Perception of Players towards National Sports Council

This study entitled “Perception of players towards National Sports Council", aimed to find out the perception of players towards National Sports Council, and to describe and analyze the perception of players towards National Sports Council. The necessary information was taken from different players and member of National Sports Council. Altogether, there were one hundred and fifty respondents selected from different games and members of National Sports Council. The main source of data was primary. The researchers used ready-made tools made by Carr, where eleven statements were involved to gather data. There were diverse perceptions towards games and sports in Nepal. Among 150 respondents 56 (37.3 %) expressed strongly disagree, 83 (55.3%) disagree, 02 (01.3%) undecided, 6 (4 %), agree and 3 (2 %) strongly agree on the statement “National Sports Council manage proper training and coaching program for players.”

An Analysis of Social Cost in School Level Education of Nepal

Social costs in education plays decisive role for education development and economic growth of a nation. In this context, this article tries to analyze the size, trend and growth rate of social cost in the education sector of Nepal by disaggregating it into total social cost, recurrent social cost, capital social cost, unit cost and marginal cost in community based school education of Nepal. The study is based on the secondary data obtained from official documents of Nepal’s Government such as flash report, budget speech, red book and so on. The time series data from 2011 AD to 2015 AD were collected for the analysis by using convenience non-random sampling method. The overall finding of the study shows that the share of the annual average social cost in education is 15.84 percent of the total cost of the government of Nepal. In other words, the government has allocated annual average Rs 68930697.6 thousands as social cost in educational sector during the study years. The average annual growth rate of this cost is 5.15 percent. The study also indicates that annual average total social cost is Rs 68930697.6 thousands, recurrent social cost is Rs 5,71,63,418.79 thousands and capital social cost is Rs 1,17,67,278.81 thousands in Nepal. Similarly, annual average total social cost is estimated to be Rs 3,33,35,928.80 thousands. The total social unit cost per teacher and total social unit cost per student are Rs 196.39 thousands and 5.51 thousands respectively. The annual average marginal social cost per teacher and marginal social cost per student are Rs 1308.08 thousands and -202.96 thousands respectively. The negative sign indicates that student enrolment has decreased over the study period. The findings of the study conclude that there is no any predictable relationship among student enrolment, teaching and non-teaching staffs and social cost of education in case of Nepal. However, UNESCO (1999) had analyzed public investment on education of 16 countries and it found that their average investment on education was 19.2 percent of GDP. Therefore, Nepal government should increase in educational investment from its current status of 15.80 percent to at least more than it in the coming years to develop educational sector of Nepal.

Leadership Influence on Quality Enhancement of Community Colleges

This study was conducted as an attempt to see the influence of educational leadership on employees for motivating them in quality enhancement mission. The assumption behind it was the need of creative and innovative leadership for motivated and efficient team spirit in quality education. The research questions were centralized in the leadership perceptions and their strategic efforts for imparting quality education. The philosophical and theoretical support of transformational leadership theory and continuous improvement approach strengthened the research. The researcher adopted interpretive research paradigm with in- depth interview and field observation as primary sources and various printed documents as the secondary sources. The basic data were generated from twelve participants of three different community colleges. The perceived data were presented and interpreted under various themes via perceptions and efforts in quality enhancement, leadership influence on employees, human resource development and mobilization for institutional strength and shifting threats into opportunities. The findings hint varied and insufficient attempts of leaders for addressing growing needs of these colleges. The concluding remarks further encourage college leaders in general and community college leaders in particular to plan and implement farsighted strategies to cope with the ever widening challenges in academia.