scholarly journals Nepalese Tax Structure: An Analytical Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Madhav Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Tax is the major source of revenue for the government, and development of any country’s economy largely depends on the tax structure it has adopted. A Tax structure which facilitates easy business and leaves no chance for tax evasion brings prosperity to a country’s economy. On the other hand, tax structure that has provisions for tax evasion and the one which does not facilitate ease of doing business shows down the economic growth. Nepal has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of the Government, in accordance to the constitutional provisions. Nepali tax system has gone through many reforms but still it is very far from being an ideal one. Many problems like tax evasion, reliance on indirect taxes, black money and existence of parallel economy show that Nepali tax system requires some major reforms in the future ahead to address all this problem. This study is purely based on secondary data. Various figures are obtained from different sources of the government of Nepal. It is seen that there is major dependence on indirect taxes than the direct taxes.

scholarly journals Exploring the Influence of Demographic Characteristics of Malaysian Citizens Towards Tax Evasion.

2018 ◽  
pp. 943-953
Author(s):  
Nur Quratun ‘Aini Haron ◽  
Rina Fadhilah Ismail ◽  
Nurul Nadiah Ibrahim ◽  
Siti Aisyah Kamaruzaman ◽  
Siti Syaqilah Hambali
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

The higher number of tax evasion cases and increase in the statistics of unpaid tax in Malaysia shows that Malaysian citizens still rationalize that the act of tax evasion as tolerable and acceptable. This study examines the linkages between citizens’ of Malaysia attitudes toward tax evasion with their demographic profile. This survey was undertaken in Malaysia, involving a representative sample of 173 of citizens.The scope of this study is limited to the salary earning citizens and retirees only. The salary earning and retirees are chosen as they are the potential taxpayers that may pay tax in future and thus their opinions seem reliable. This study found that Malaysian citizens find it acceptable to evade tax on all sizes of income regardless whether it is “a small part”, “a large part”, or “all part” of their income. From the demographic profile factor, it was found that only age and nature of employment have a significant difference on the attitudes towards tax evasion. On the other hand, the respondents’ gender, level of income and level of education seem to bear no significant difference to their attitudes towards tax evasion. In relation to age, this study found out that older people of above 55 are more opposed to tax evasion compared to citizens in the range of age 25 to 34 and 45 to 54. Such findings are expected as older people tend to become more compliant as they respect the law and the government compared to young people (Ross and McGee, 2011). Secondly, from this study, it appears that retirees are more opposed to tax evasion and there have a two-way tied for the least opposed to tax evasion which is self-employed taxpayers and employers. Retirees might be the ones opposed the most to tax evasion due to their age. Older people tend to respect the authority and law, hence are more averse. Self-employed people might be the ones who are the least opposed to tax evasion that could be due to availability of opportunities to evade tax is larger compared to other groups. In this study, it is also found that employers are the one who are the least oppose to tax evasion. Perhaps, employers earning high income may think that the tax system would reap all their hard work. Besides, employers may perceive that there are too many red tapes that might be a hassle for the employers to comply, thus they tend to evade tax. This study has provided useful insights to facilitate tax authorities in imposing actions and strategies regarding tax evasion.

scholarly journals Tax System in India-Evolution and Present Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ms. Neha Nainwal
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Direct Taxation ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Indirect Taxes

<bold>Main findings of the book</bold> The Indian tax system has undergone major structural changes since Independence in 1947. It has become comprehensive and complicated over the years. It has successfully mobilised resources to finance developmental, welfare and administrative activities of public authorities. Besides being the main source of revenue, both for the Central and State Governments, it is an effective instrument to realise various socio-economic objectives of national policies. However, the tax system has been relying heavily on indirect taxes and suffering extensively from fiscal malady called tax evasion. Restructuring of the tax system has constituted a major component of fiscal reforms initiated since 1991. The main focus of the tax reforms has been on simplification and rationalization of both direct and indirect taxes with the objective of augmenting revenues and removing anomalies in the tax structure. Tax reforms in recent years have brought the tax system much closer to international tax practices. Tax reforms are a part of the package to liberalise and globalise the Indian economy. The post-1991 period has witnessed a sharp decline in the rates of income tax, excise duty and customs tariff. The theory that high rates of duty lead to higher revenue collection has been discarded in favour of lower rates with fewer exemptions and concessions. The strategy in respect of direct taxation is to minimise distortions in tax structure by expanding the tax base and moderating tax rates on the one hand and improving the efficiency of tax administration and increasing the deterrence level on the other, so as to encourage voluntary compliance. The strategy in respect of indirect taxes is to move towards a fully integrated goods and services tax (GST).

scholarly journals The impact of gst on india's foreign trade

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-262
Author(s):  
Shanmugavadivu K.V ◽  
Kalaimani, G
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Earnings ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Improve Compliance ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The Impact

The present paper is an attempt to evaluate the impact of GST on India‘s Foreign Trade.GST will be rolled out sometime during April to October 2017. The implementation of the Bill isexpected to ease India‘s cumbersome tax system, help goods move seamlessly across state borders,curb tax evasion, improve compliance, increase revenues, spur growth, boost exports, and attractinvestments by improving ease of doing business in India. The present paper is an attempt to evaluatethe impact of GST on India‘s Foreign Trade. The paper will specifically examine its role in exportsof goods and services, net foreign earnings and ease of doing business.

scholarly journals Exploring the Influence of Demographic Characteristics of Malaysian Citizens Towards Tax Evasion

2019 ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Nur Quratun ‘Aini Haron ◽  
Rina Fadhilah Ismail ◽  
Nurul Nadiah Ibrahim ◽  
Siti Aisyah Kamaruzaman ◽  
Siti Syaqilah Hambali
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

The higher number of tax evasion cases and increase in the statistics of unpaid tax in Malaysia shows that Malaysian citizens still rationalize that the act of tax evasion as tolerable and acceptable. This study examines the linkages between citizens’ of Malaysia attitudes toward tax evasion with their demographic profile. This survey was undertaken in Malaysia, involving a representative sample of 173 of citizens.The scope of this study is limited to the salary earning citizens and retirees only. The salary earning and retirees are chosen as they are the potential taxpayers that may pay tax in future and thus their opinions seem reliable. This study found that Malaysian citizens find it acceptable to evade tax on all sizes of income regardless whether it is “a small part”, “a large part”, or “all part” of their income. From the demographic profile factor, it was found that only age and nature of employment have a significant difference on the attitudes towards tax evasion. On the other hand, the respondents’ gender, level of income and level of education seem to bear no significant difference to their attitudes towards tax evasion. In relation to age, this study found out that older people of above 55 are more opposed to tax evasion compared to citizens in the range of age 25 to 34 and 45 to 54. Such findings are expected as older people tend to become more compliant as they respect the law and the government compared to young people (Ross and McGee, 2011). Secondly, from this study, it appears that retirees are more opposed to tax evasion and there have a two-way tied for the least opposed to tax evasion which is self-employed taxpayers and employers. Retirees might be the ones opposed the most to tax evasion due to their age. Older people tend to respect the authority and law, hence are more averse. Self-employed people might be the ones who are the least opposed to tax evasion that could be due to availability of opportunities to evade tax is larger compared to other groups. In this study, it is also found that employers are the one who are the least oppose to tax evasion. Perhaps, employers earning high income may think that the tax system would reap all their hard work. Besides, employers may perceive that there are too many red tapes that might be a hassle for the employers to comply, thus they tend to evade tax. This study has provided useful insights to facilitate tax authorities in imposing actions and strategies regarding tax evasion.

scholarly journals Analysis of Elasticity and Buoyancy and Projection of Tax in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Dil Nath Dangal
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Year 2000

This study has been designed to calculate elasticity and buoyancy and projection of various taxes in Nepal from 2018 to 2020. This study is based on secondary data published by the government of Nepal covering a period between the fiscal year 2000 to 2016. The various sources of revenue as a proportion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have been analyzed during this period. This study particularly deals with the analysis of elasticity and buoyancy of tax and nontax revenue. The projection of tax revenue since 2018 to 2020 has also been forecasted. The findings reveals that the overall tax system of Nepal seemed to be inelastic during study period, and direct taxes appeared smaller elasticity’s than indirect taxes and those buoyancy coefficients of major taxes became much higher than their respective elasticities.

A Study on Consumers’ Awareness on Goods and Services Tax

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
A. Hilary Joseph ◽  
D. Kanakavalli
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Late Night ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The One

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) -- India's biggest tax reform since independence formally launched in Parliament by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Pranab Mukherjee came into force after 17 tumultuous years of debate, unifying more than a dozen central and state levies.  The new tax regime was ushered at the late night of 30th June and came into force on 1st July 2017.  The one national GST unifies the country's USD 2 trillion economy and 1.3 billion people into a common market.  As commented by Mr.Modi, GST is not just tax reform but its economic reform. GST is a way forward in the ease of doing business.  In the language of law, it is called the goods and services tax, but the benefit of GST is really a Good and Simple Tax. Good because multiple taxes will be removed. Simple because it requires just one form and is easy to use.  GST is a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer.  Credits of input taxes paid at each stage will be available in the subsequent stage of value addition, which makes GST essentially a tax only on value addition at each stage. The final consumer will thus bear only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set-off benefits at all the previous stages.  It renders numerous benefits to different parties such as business and industry, central and state governments and the ultimate consumers.  An effort is made to understand the consumers’ awareness on Goods and Services Tax. Everything that is introduced will attract agitation and unrest among different group of people and they can easily be overcome by designing programmes to clarify the objections of renowned economists.  GST will sure to have success when the confidence of every individual Indian citizens have obtained.

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

EFFICIENCY OF THE TAX SYSTEM ON THE BASIS OF TRANSPARENCY AND REFORM

2021 ◽  
Vol 298 (5 Part 1) ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Ludmila Oleinikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
National Level ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Improve Compliance ◽  
Factors Of Production ◽  
The Government

The expediency is reasoned of creating a competitive environment in the context of globalization and limited factors of production, forcing countries to compete with each other and take measures to attract owners of factors of production by forming the optimal combination of institutional, public goods and tax preferences, where only tax preferences are not the key to success in competition, as opposed to general conditions of taxation in combination with infrastructural, institutional and public goods. Emphasis is placed on the rapid digitalization of economic processes and the globalization of even small businesses through online platforms that will significantly affect the struggle in the field of economic and institutional competition. It has been proven that it is already necessary to respond to new challenges which are associated with tax evasion, erosion of the tax base, a significant geographical gap between the location of factors of production and the jurisdiction of profit. It is established that the answers to these risks lie both in the plane of institutional readiness and in the plane of the effectiveness of the application of tax administration tools, including control, as well as the synergy of measures at the macro and micro levels. The variety of tools used in world practice to improve compliance with tax legislation is studied and their division into categories is indicated. The expediency of using mechanisms to ensure the transparency of the tax system is substantiated, along with measures to assure the transparency of taxpayers before the tax authorities at the national level, as well as mechanisms to provide accountability and transparency of the tax authorities themselves to the government, parliament and taxpayers. It is proposed, taking into account foreign experience, in addition to quantitative indicators of tax effectiveness, to use supplementary indicators that characterize the work of tax authorities, considering economy, effectiveness, efficiency, which will deepen the level of tax system performance.

Preferences, Tax Structure and Tax Reform: Theory and Evidence

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Maital
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pure Public Good ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Current Shift ◽  
Optimal Tax Structure ◽  
The U.S

When the structure of tax revenues–the proportion of revenues earned by income, consumption and wealth taxes–is treated as a pure public good, a useful framework emerges for analyzing interrelationships among taxpayers' preferences, tax structure and tax reform. The “optimal” tax structure is defined and used to outline several conjectures about the current shift from direct to indirect taxation, evident particularly in Europe. Attention is then focused on the U.S. tax system. The structure of the tax system is shown to have changed very little in the past two decades. In contrast, interview surveys carried out over the past thirty years indicated a long-standing shift in taxpayers' preferences toward indirect taxes. Implications are drawn regarding tax reform.

scholarly journals Ease of Doing Business Index: An Analysis of Investors Practical View

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Shakirat Adepeju Babatunde ◽  
Mohammed Kayode Ajape ◽  
Kabir Dandago Isa ◽  
Owolabi Kuye ◽  
Eddy Olajide Omolehinwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Procurement Process ◽  
Chamber Of Commerce ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The Government

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI) on Return on Investment (ROI). The study employs a cross-sectional survey design covering five years from 2015 to 2019. The sample is 47 registered companies with the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry, which is the most representative of the organised private sector group in Nigeria. The study adopts descriptive and linear regression statistical analysis. Findings show a statistically significant negative effect of Government policy continuity. The government procurement process, Raw materials availability and Quality of workforce show adverse effects. Traffic and transportation management, power supply and Security infrastructure show insignificant effect on ROI. Hence, findings indicate that Government procurement process is inimical to ease of doing business in Nigeria despite the government improvement efforts. Since government efforts are insufficient, the World Bank should incorporate private sector ideals into EDBI to create a synergy a robust EDBI. Keywords: Ease of Doing Business, ease of doing business index, return on investment, investors, World Bank.      Ease of Doing Business Index: Sebuah Analisis terhadap Pandangan Praktis InvestorAbstrak: Penelitian ini menginvestigasi pengaruh Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI) terhadap Return on Investment (ROI). Penelitian ini menggunakan desain survei cross-sectional dari tahun 2015 sampai dengan tahun 2019. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 47 perusahaan yang terdaftar di Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan statistik regresi linear. Dari berbagai elemen EDBI, temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh negatif yang signifikan antara keterlanjutan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap ROI. Proses pengadaan pemerintah, ketersediaan bahan mentah, dan kualitas tenaga kerja menunjukkan pengaruh berkebalikan dengan ROI. Lalu lintas dan manajemen transportasi, supply listrik, dan infrastruktur keamanan menunjukkan pengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap ROI. Usaha pemerintah dalam meningkatkan proses pengaadaan pemerintah masih belum memadai karena masih kecilnya pengaruh terhadap EDBI Nigeria. World Bank sebaiknya memasukkan pengaruh sektor privat dalam indikator EDBI sebagai upaya menciptakan sinergi antara pemerintah dan sektor privat untuk peningkatan EDBI dan dampaknya pada ekonomi. Kata kunci: Ease of Doing Business, indeks kemudahan berbisnis, pengembalian investasi, investor, Bank Dunia

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document