scholarly journals An Analysis of Social Cost in School Level Education of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
Mina Raj Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Student Enrolment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Total Social Cost

Social costs in education plays decisive role for education development and economic growth of a nation. In this context, this article tries to analyze the size, trend and growth rate of social cost in the education sector of Nepal by disaggregating it into total social cost, recurrent social cost, capital social cost, unit cost and marginal cost in community based school education of Nepal. The study is based on the secondary data obtained from official documents of Nepal’s Government such as flash report, budget speech, red book and so on. The time series data from 2011 AD to 2015 AD were collected for the analysis by using convenience non-random sampling method. The overall finding of the study shows that the share of the annual average social cost in education is 15.84 percent of the total cost of the government of Nepal. In other words, the government has allocated annual average Rs 68930697.6 thousands as social cost in educational sector during the study years. The average annual growth rate of this cost is 5.15 percent. The study also indicates that annual average total social cost is Rs 68930697.6 thousands, recurrent social cost is Rs 5,71,63,418.79 thousands and capital social cost is Rs 1,17,67,278.81 thousands in Nepal. Similarly, annual average total social cost is estimated to be Rs 3,33,35,928.80 thousands. The total social unit cost per teacher and total social unit cost per student are Rs 196.39 thousands and 5.51 thousands respectively. The annual average marginal social cost per teacher and marginal social cost per student are Rs 1308.08 thousands and -202.96 thousands respectively. The negative sign indicates that student enrolment has decreased over the study period. The findings of the study conclude that there is no any predictable relationship among student enrolment, teaching and non-teaching staffs and social cost of education in case of Nepal. However, UNESCO (1999) had analyzed public investment on education of 16 countries and it found that their average investment on education was 19.2 percent of GDP. Therefore, Nepal government should increase in educational investment from its current status of 15.80 percent to at least more than it in the coming years to develop educational sector of Nepal.

scholarly journals Aquaculture Production and Consumption of Fish in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Dhanya Sai Das ◽  
R Govindasamy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Total Fish ◽  
The Government

Aquaculture and fisheries emerged as an important source of food, protein, nutrition, livelihood and employment for the majority of the rural population. The fisheries sector has registered a sustainable and astounding growth rate over the last decade. The sector offers an attractive and promising future for employment, livelihood and food security. The study is based on the available secondary data from different aspects of fishery statistics published in Handbook on Fisheries Statistics 2020 by the Government of India and other related articles. Data for the time series analysis was taken from 2001-02 to 2017-18. It is found that the world per capita apparent consumption of fish has been increased by 10.4 kg from the 1960s (i.e., 9.9 kg) to 2016 (i.e., 20.30 kg). By analysing the time-series data, it is evident that the total fish production, including both marines and inland, has shown an astounding growth with a Compound Growth Rate of 4.58. The regression equation was Y = 5.182X – 12267, R2 value was 0.9414 where Y is the total fish production (dependent variable) and X is the total fish seed production (independent variable). There exists a positive relationship between fish seed and fish production in the country. It can be concluded that aquaculture plays a significant role in the country’s GDP rate and food security.

Export Trend of Ready Made Garments (RMG) Sector of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
M. S. Hossain ◽  
M. T. Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Trend Model ◽  
Significant Upward Trend ◽  
The Government

Ready-Made Garments (RMG) sector has greater importance than any other sector in Bangladesh in terms of growth, employment, foreign exchange earnings and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The objective of this study is to determine the export trend of the RMG sector in Bangladesh by using different trend models. To serve the objectives of the study, time-series data of RMG sectors has been used for the period 1985-2018. Among several trend models, the Semi-log Parabolic Trend model is found to be the best-fitted model for determining the trend of RMG exports. From the empirical results of the study, it is observed that RMG exports have a significant upward trend for the period 1985-2018 with a growth rate of 8.76 % in 2018. The forecasted RMG export will be nearly 31712.82 million USD in the financial year 2022-23. The findings of the study will help the government, NGO’s and policymakers to undertake necessary steps for the progress of this sector.

scholarly journals FINANCING FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION: EVIDENCE FROM BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT OF NEPAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Narendra Katuwal ◽  
Puspa Lal Pokharel ◽  
Basudeb Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Private School ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Government Fund ◽  
Student Enrolment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tuition Fee

It is a common problem almost throughout the world that secondary education institutions are financially bottlenecked, thus, being compelled financially to manage themselves from their own sources and resources. This study aims to assess the overall status of secondary schooling in terms of financing and cost by exploring the (re) sources and trends of financing to secondary education in Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Lined with the objective, a questionnaire was administered to collect the primary data. Both public or government-aided and private secondary schools making a total of 12.6 percent of the population were selected on the simple random basis for the survey. The comparison established that although the public schools were government-aided, the per-unit cost rate was much higher for them than for the private ones mainly because of the decreasing student enrolment rates at the former case but increasing student enrolment rates at the latter. It was also found that the total expenditure of the schools was primarily dominated by recurrent expenditure- below 79 percent and 89 percent respectively. It was also found that 20.5 percent of the expenditure was covered by the regular tuition fee in the former case whereas 99 percent of it was covered by the regular tuition fee in the latter case. Based on the findings, it has been recommended that, since the government fund alone would not be adequate to support the growing requirement of quality schooling, the institutions should seek the ways of promoting cost-sharing with the local government, communities and NGOs as partners. KEYWORDS- private school, Public school, recurrent expenditure, secondary education,

scholarly journals Financial Integration, Domestic Investment and Growth of Pakistan Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-142
Author(s):  
Gulzar Ali ◽  
Awoesha Rahat ◽  
Said Zamin Shah
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Government

This study, in the context of Pakistan, analyzes to which extent the financial integration and domestic investment are responsible for the phenomenal growth rate of Pakistan economy. The relationship is based on time series data covering a period from 1980 to 2018. In analytical techniques, the Augmented Dicky-Fuller unit root test for the stationarity of data, Johansen Co-integration for co-integrating factor, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for phenomenal relation between domestic investment, financial integration and growth of Pakistan economy were applied. The results obtained through regression analysis were statistically significant and showed the effective role of the causality of domestic investment and that of financial integration on the economic growth rate of Pakistan economy. The effect of political and economic stability captured through the dummy variable also shows an impressive role in the growth of Pakistan's economy. The study recommends that sturdy efforts are required of the government of Pakistan for target investment especially in the agriculture and manufacturing sector for a more fruitful outcome.

scholarly journals The Impact of Capital Flight on Economic Growth and Financial Stability in Palestine

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Nemer Badwan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of Capital Flight on Economic Growth and Financial Stability in Palestine from the period (2000-2020). The time series data of Capital Flight, Foreign Exchange Reserves, Foreign Debt, and Real GDP used in the study, and the use of ordinary least squares estimation technology to analyze the research data. Carried out Johansen co-integration and error correction mechanism. The evidence of the research results shows that there is a co-integration relationship between the research variables, and Capital Flight has harmed the Economic Growth of the Palestinian case. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the government should provide a favorable investment environment to encourage investment and prevent Capital Flight from Palestine. In addition, the Palestinian Government should also prevent Capital Flight because these Infrastructure Projects/Programs will reduce the country’s production costs. The government should create a suitable investment environment for foreign investment and encourage entrepreneurs and equity owners to invest these funds domestically. In addition, the government should use all Foreign Aid funds in appropriate places to increase the Economic Growth Rate and create job opportunities for the unemployed, thereby increasing the National Economic Growth Rate.

Transport infrastructure of the Rostov Oblast: Problems and prospects for development in the context of national projects implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015-1034
Author(s):  
O.Yu. Patrakeeva
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Rostov Oblast ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The paper considers national projects in the field of transport infrastructure, i.e. Safe and High-quality Roads and Comprehensive Plan for Modernization and Expansion of Trunk Infrastructure, and the specifics of their implementation in the Rostov Oblast. Objectives. The aim is to conduct a statistical assessment of the impact of transport infrastructure on the region’s economic performance and define prospects for and risks of the implementation of national infrastructure projects in conditions of a shrinking economy. Methods. I use available statistics and apply methods and approaches with time-series data, namely stationarity and cointegration tests, vector autoregression models. Results. The level of economic development has an impact on transport infrastructure in the short run. However, the mutual influence has not been statistically confirmed. The paper revealed that investments in the sphere of transport reduce risk of accidents on the roads of the Rostov Oblast. Improving the quality of roads with high traffic flow by reducing investments in the maintenance of subsidiary roads enables to decrease accident rate on the whole. Conclusions. In conditions of economy shrinking caused by the complex epidemiological situation and measures aimed at minimizing the spread of coronavirus, it is crucial to create a solid foundation for further economic recovery. At the government level, it is decided to continue implementing national projects as significant tools for recovery growth.

scholarly journals Hypothesizing directional causality between the governance indicators and economic growth: the case of Afghanistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Naim Azimi ◽  
Mohammad Musa Shafiq
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Wald Test ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
The Government

AbstractThis paper examines the causal relationship between governance indicators and economic growth in Afghanistan. We use a set of quarterly time series data from 2003Q1 to 2018Q4 to test our hypothesis. Following Toda and Yamamoto’s (J Econom 66(1–2):225–250, 1995. 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8) vector autoregressive model and the modified Wald test, our empirical results show a unidirectional causality between the government effectiveness, rule of law, and the economic growth. Our findings exhibit significant causal relationships running from economic growth to the eradication of corruption, the establishment of the rule of law, quality of regulatory measures, government effectiveness, and political stability. More interestingly, we support the significant multidimensional causality hypothesis among the governance indicators. Overall, our findings not only reveal causality between economic growth and governance indicators, but they also show interdependencies among the governance indicators.

Social environment for activating economic growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
L. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Government

The article analyses the present state of Russian society in the context of overcoming economic stagnation and activating the mechanism of economic growth. The author examines the possibility of mobilizing human capital; social attitudes and their dynamics; the institutional structure of Russian society, implicating the principles of solidarity and coordination of interests within the framework of various voluntary unions and associations.  The analysis allows the author to define the social conditions for the activation of economic growth as complex, ambiguous and requiring a significant adjustment of social policy. At the same time, there are certain manifestations of Russian society’s interest in self-development, consolidation, and more active socio-economic transformations. The social demand for progressive sustainable economic development being obvious, the government will be able to launch economic growth by shifting from a policy of social protection to a policy of social development, with adequate goodwill and flexibility.

Hindutva Philosophy Reinforcement by the rss/bjp against Minorities and the Economic Performance of Narendra Modi’s Government in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-366
Author(s):  
Rajeev Ranjan Kumar ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Lower Caste ◽  
The Core ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government

Abstract Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is a controversial figure and has polarised public debate for over a decade. He is criticised for the decline in growth rate and increase in unemployment rate. It has been five years since the Modi-led Bhartiya Janata Party (bjp) came to power, so analysing the economic performance and extremist religious behaviour of the Modi-led bjp/rss (Rastriya Sevak Sangh) is interesting. This article discusses the non-conventional views on the economic performance of the government in India, and the ideology of Hindutva and hatred towards religious minorities. This deep-rooted hatred of religious minorities and the lower caste is the core philosophy of Hindutva and is followed by the bjp and rss. Under the shadow of the rss, the Modi government has focused on Hindutva rather than the economy and the people, which has been the most important factor in the economic decline of India.

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