Mini-review on Chromatography of Proteomics

This literature mini-review focuses on chromatography and its application for separation of proteomics, Factors affecting RP-HPLC of proteins and their peptide mapping. Only two drugs are cited in the mini-review, which are erythropoietin hormone and carbetocin where mode of action and analytical techniques used for their determination were described.

Phase equilibria in the MnO-Mn2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-Sb2O3-Sb2O5 System in Air at 1200℃

Using the methods of X-ray phase and X-ray Densitometric analysis, the phase equilibria between oxides of manganese, iron and antimony have been investigated in an air atmosphere at temperatures up to 1250? in an air mosphere at normal pressure. The phase diagram of the system at 1200? was built MnO-Mn2O3-FeO-Fe2O-Sb2O3-Sb2O5. A new phase was found Mn12-2x,sup>2+Fe2x2+Sb3+Sb55+O26(0?x?1), with edge compositions FeMn5Sb3O13 and Mn6Sb3O3 (a=8.5003?0.0025Å; b=8.0064?0.0025Å; c=11.5779?0.0025Å; Z = 3; ?obs. = 5.7 g/cm3; ?calc = 5.6991 g/cm3). The phase exists in the temperature range 1180-1230oC and can be obtained by quenching, but always with a large admixture of Mn2Sb2O7 and spinel Mn112+Mn133+Sb93+O44.The reason for this behavior is that air molecules have different temperatures, as a result of which the phase composition of the reaction mixture cannot be strictly related to one temperature, and different phases can be stable at different temperatures.

Craving Edible Clays: Anemia or Androgens

Background: The edible raw clay is common in Nigeria and other African countries, occurring mostly like white and grey clays and used frequently in traditional medicine as anti-diarrheic and skin smoother. Some pregnant women swear by it as a solution to morning sickness typified by nausea and general malaise. There has been a noticeable increase in its consumption in recent times which for some individuals is a craving and notably so among pregnant women who most probably acquired the habit from their mothers. There is definitely, a dearth of information on its chemical constituents and therefore possible deleterious effects on the human system, to that end, this study was aimed at ascertaining the cause of the craving for the clays and acquire knowledge about its constituents, to check its health safety to consumers. Methodology: Ethno-survey of edible raw clay consumption in Nigeria was carried out with more than 850 respondents from Lagos State, a cosmopolitan city of about 16 million people using a semi structured questionnaire. Mineralogical characterization using Proximate analysis, FTIR analysis, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Acute toxicity studies, GC/MS analysis, Phytochemical assays and Hematological analysis on collected clays were used for evaluating the chemical constituents and effects on the living system. Results: The survey results confirmed that the consumers are aware of possible side effects of raw clay consumption, the chemical analyses showed presence of metalloids like arsenic and silicon and heavy metals e.g. Mercury and Cadmium in the tested clays but they were in minute insignificant amounts. Phytochemical assays showed presence of anthraquinone, but not glycosides, alkaloids, saponins etc. GC analysis surprisingly showed presence of small quantities of androgens and steroids; dihydrocortisone and its metabolites in both the white and grey clays. No anemia was recorded after 28 days of animal studies. The acute toxicity test showed that it is not toxic as no deaths were recorded at 5000mg/kg dosage after 72 hours. The edible clays are not toxic to consumers but care should be taken because of possible adverse health effects from over-consumption and accumulation of contaminants.

Study of Aggregation Behavior of Predesigned Azobenzene-Cholesteryl Derivatives in Deep Eutectic Solvents

Structurally isomeric cholesteryl-appended azobenzene derivatives (azo-1 to azo-5) with various substituents, such as H/unsubstituted, ether, ester, and nitro at the terminal position of azobenzene units were designed, and synthesized. The gelation ability and aggregation behavior of the above synthesized azobenzene-cholesteryl derivatives in deep eutectic solvents (DES) such as Zinc Chloride: Ethylene Glycol (Zn:EG), Choline Chloride: EG (Ch:EG), Choline Chloride: Urea (Ch: Urea), and Choline Chloride: Glycine (Ch: Gly) were studied. The results revealed that all the azo derivatives formed semi-transparent and strong/hard eutectic gels in at least one DES except azo-4 which formed gel in two DES. The morphological analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited entangled dense fibrous, flowers, and sheet-like textures, depending on the nature of DES as well as azo derivatives. Like all azobenzene-based organo-gelators, UV-triggered gel-to-sol transition was expected for these eutectic gels. However, these eutectic gels did not undergo the gel-to-sol transition under UV irradiation. This could be due to the hardness of the gel, which arrests the structural transformation from trans-to-cis during photolysis. It was further confirmed by absorption profiles of before and after irradiation of eutectic gels. Regarding application, an attempt has been made to use eutectic gels as a template for the synthesis of nanomaterials and the results revealed that the azo-4 gel can be used to prepare aggregated highly dense nanorods of copper chloride.

One - Step Green Synthesis of V2O5 and VO2 Using Extract of Orange Peel: Effect of Calcination Atmosphere

In this work two vanadium oxides (V2O5 and VO2) were prepared by green synthesis method using ammonium vanadate (NH4VO3) and extract of orange peel. V2O5 and VO2 have various applications in lithium-ion battery, sensors, transistors, photo catalysis, supercapacitors and electrochromic devices. The effect of calcination atmosphere is obvious as calcination the precursor of (NH4VO3) and extract of orange peel in air at 450? yielded V2O5 while calcination in vacuum at the same temperature gave the reduced form VO2 as estimated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). These two different phases of vanadium oxides have different morphologies. Investigation by transmission electron microscope revealed that V2O5 oxide which synthesized in air at 450? showed big particles with laminar shape. The particles look arranged layer over layer with sizes exceed 200 nm. While images of VO2 prepared in vacuum at the same temperature showed different shape and size for their particles. The neutral atmosphere provided by vacuum not only gives reduced form of vanadium oxide (VO2) but also minimizes and changes their particles size and shape, respectively. Unidentified shape of nano sized particles were observed for this reduced oxide. These particles have sizes less than 100 nm and much lower than those observed for V2O5 particles.