Vehicular Clouds

Vehicular clouds is an active area of research that has emerged at the nexus of conventional cloud computing and vehicular networks. The defining differences between conventional and vehicular clouds include the heterogeneity and volatility of compute resources and the bandwidth-challenged network fabric. A variety of new architectures and services for vehicular clouds have been proposed, mostly as incremental extensions of the VANET platform. As vehicular cloud research continues and expands, a careful eye should be kept on the restrictions that come with the mobility, limited network, and heterogeneity of resources. The first main contribution of this chapter is to survey recent work of VCs with an eye on the realistic and unrealistic. Our second main goal is to realign the VC community with a realistic vision for the future by spelling out a number of challenges faced by the VC research community.

V2V Communication Protocols in Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Networks

Integration of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) and cellular network is a promising architecture for future machine-to-machine applications. This integration helps the vehicles have steady internet connection through cellular network (i.e., LTE), and at same time communicate with other vehicles. However, dead spot areas and unsuccessful handoff processes due to the high speed of vehicles that can disrupt the implementation of this kind of architecture. In this chapter, simplified cluster-based gateway selection (SCGS) scheme for multi-hop relay in VANET network is proposed. The scheme is achieved by utilizing a new routing protocol called an enhanced hybrid wireless mesh protocol (E-HWMP). The simulations results show that SCGS scheme through E-HWMP protocol performed better than ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. Furthermore, SCGS scheme through E-HWMP is compared with other cluster-based gateway selections used in the previous works; the result shows that SCGS scheme through E-HWMP protocol outperforms the other cluster-based gateway selections schemes.

A Secured Dynamic Privacy Preserving Scheme for Vehicular Cloud Computing

There are rapid technological advancements in the field of transportation. Vehicles cooperate among themselves and establish an intelligent transportation system to fulfill the needs on traffic management. To make this possible, the vehicles are equipped with on board unit which shares information regarding the condition of roads, traffic, and management. Such information is stored in cloud server to be accessed by the vehicles at any time. During the message communication, the origin of the message is checked for its authenticity by the receiver. During signature verification, to preserve the privacy of the user, it is required that the ID of the vehicle should not be revealed. Security and privacy of the information stored in the cloud is a challenging task. The privacy of the vehicle user and the information should be secured from the threats. The solutions in the existing literature do not fulfill the requirements of security and privacy. In this chapter, a secured and dynamic privacy preserving scheme is proposed for vehicular cloud computing. Analysis on the proposed privacy scheme is done based on anonymity and un-linkability. The analysis shows that the proposed dynamic scheme provides better privacy compared to static schemes.

Challenges and Opportunities in Vehicular Cloud Computing

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) have become an important research area due to their ability to allow sharing resources among the users to carry out their application and provide services of transport and traffic management. VANET communication allows exchange of sensitive information among nearby vehicles such as condition of weather and road accidents in order to improve vehicle traffic efficiency through Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Many technologies have been developed to enhance ITS. Recently, vehicular cloud computing (VCC) has been developed in order to overcome the drawbacks VANET. VCC technology provides low-cost services to vehicles and capable of managing road traffic efficiently by using the vehicular sources (such as internet) to make decisions and for storage. VCC is considered as the basis for improving and developing intelligent transportation systems. It plays a major role in people's lives due to its safety, security, trust, and comfort to passengers and drivers. This chapter investigates the vehicular cloud computing. The authors first concentrate on architectures. Then, they highlight applications and features provided by VCC. Additionally, they explain the challenges for VCC. Finally, the authors present opportunities and future for VCC.

Vehicular Fog Computing Paradigm

The main objective of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is to improve driver safety and traffic efficiency. Most VANET applications are based on periodic exchange of safety messages between nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby road side communication units (e.g., traffic lights, road-side lights, etc.). This periodic communication generates huge amount of data that have typical storage, computation, and communication resources needs. In recent years, there has been huge developments in automotive industry, computing, and communication technologies. This has led to vehicular cloud computing (VCC) as a solution to satisfy the requirements of VANETs such as computing, storage, and networking resources. Vehicular fog computing (VFC) is a standard that comprehends cloud computing and related services to the proximity of a network. Since VANET applications have special mobility, low latency, and location awareness requirements, fog computing plays a significant role in VANET applications and services. In urban cities, vehicles parked at shopping malls, offices and similar other places are under-utilized. These can offer great opportunity and value to implement applications of VFC by utilizing vehicles as an infrastructure. In this chapter, we present real time scenarios and applications of VANET that can be implemented using VFC. VANET applications and quality of service can be enhanced by aggregating the resources of these vehicles. We discuss different types of scenarios of moving and parked vehicles as computational, communication, storage and network infrastructures. We have also discussed the challenges and open problems to implement VFC system. This chapter provides the thorough understanding of novel research paradigm and about vehicular communication infrastructures.

Smart Vehicles for Traffic Management and Systems Using Cloud Computing

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is the network of mobile devices as well as stationary objects that can communicate with each other. This technology comprises of both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) data transmission links. At present, vehicular mobility framework has a lot of limitations, which includes lack of real-time operations, frequent disconnects due to dynamic-restricted topology, tracking vehicle that break rules, lane-changes, exceed speed-limit, etc. These characteristics call for a new type of high class of protocol. This chapter presents a survey report on “smart traffic control” system that incorporates traffic-related parameters to further augment the control and management of vehicular movements on the roadways. This can support efficient management of traffic in the city, and cops can communicate with each other, get real-time, accurate, status update of the traffic, track the vehicular movements, etc. In addition, jam control mechanism can be placed on heavy traffic days to optimize the routes. This system introduces artificial intelligence (AI) that can optimize deployed of cops and find alternate routes for the driver to reach the destination address without much fuel consumption.

On-Demand Routing Protocols for Vehicular Cloud Computing

In vehicular cloud computing systems (VCC), the overlapping transmission range of each vehicle ensures a unified and common channel for communication among the vehicles. The flexibility of VCC systems opens the door to myriad applications that contribute to the safety and comfort of the passengers. They are distributed, self-organizing communication networks built up by moving vehicles, and are thus characterized by very high node mobility and limited degrees of freedom in mobility patterns. Such particular features often make the standard networking protocol inefficient or unusable, hence the growing effort in the development of communication protocols, which are specific to vehicular networks. Routing protocols should be selected carefully after carrying out literature review. This chapter has investigated different on-demand routing protocols and focused to identify the efficient on-demand routing protocol that can give better performance in realistic environments of vehicular cloud computing systems.

Resource Management in Vehicular Cloud Computing

Vehicular ad hoc networks are relied upon to essentially enhance movement security and transportation productivity. Accessible correspondence, stockpiling, and calculation assets of the associated vehicles are not well used to meet the administration necessities of canny transportation frameworks. Vehicular cloud computing (VCC) is a promising methodology that makes utilization of the preferences of distributed computing and applies them to vehicular systems. Vehicles have turned out to be prepared with different sensors and assets, making them competent to convey, to share assets, and to carry on helpfully. VC can be depicted from the point of view of uses and administrations offered by vehicles that have a place with a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) due to the impediment of calculation, stockpiling, and data transfer capacity assets for complex in-vehicle sight and sound amusement applications.

Vehicular Cloud Computing

Cloud computing provides a way to avail hardware and software to provide services over the networks to users, whereas in mobile cloud computing, mobile devices are a part of cloud users and service providers. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are developed with the help of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) with the difference that the data are exchanged among mobile vehicles to enhance the road safety and traffic efficiency. VANETs safety applications includes traffic signal violation, curve speed warning, emergency brake lights, pre-crash sensing, collision warning, left turn assist, lane change warning, and stop sign assist. But due to the requirement of smaller size, one of the significant challenges of the vehicular network is the limited resource with respect to memory, computation power, and bandwidth. It leads to slow data processing capability. However, the demanding requirement of emerging application is complex computation with high storage capacity. This necessity can be fulfilled by sharing the available resource among all the vehicles which are in near proximity. It can be achieved by integrating the vehicular network with cloud computing which is called as vehicular cloud computing (VCC). VCC is a new technological shift that can take the advantages of cloud computing to afford the services to drivers of VANET. But VCC is still in early stage and due to its unique features and applications it has become a significant emerging research area which needs to be explored further.