Plastid Division in Higher Plants

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-156
Author(s):  
Simon Geir Møller
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plastid Division

An emerging picture of plastid division in higher plants

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi Maple ◽  
Simon Geir Møller
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plastid Division

scholarly journals The plastid division proteins, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2, differ in their biochemical properties and sub-plastidial localization

2005 ◽  
Vol 387 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Sayed EL-KAFAFI ◽  
Sunil MUKHERJEE ◽  
Mahmoud EL-SHAMI ◽  
Jean-Luc PUTAUX ◽  
Maryse A. BLOCK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Plastid Division ◽  
Bacterial Cell Division ◽  
Topological Localization ◽  
Long Rod ◽  
Envelope Membranes ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

Plastid division in higher plants is morphologically similar to bacterial cell division, with a process termed binary fission involving constriction of the envelope membranes. FtsZ proteins involved in bacterial division are also present in higher plants, in which the ftsZ genes belong to two distinct families: ftsZ1 and ftsZ2. However, the roles of the corresponding proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in plastid division have not been determined. Here we show that the expression of plant FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in bacteria has different effects on cell division, and that distinct protein domains are involved in the process. We have studied the assembly of purified FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 using a chemical cross-linking approach followed by PAGE and electron microscopy analyses of the resulting polymers. This has revealed that FtsZ1 is capable of forming long rod-shaped polymers and rings similar to the bacterial FtsZ structures, whereas FtsZ2 does not form any organized polymer. Moreover, using purified sub-plastidial fractions, we show that both proteins are present in the stroma, and that a subset of FtsZ2 is tightly bound to the purified envelope membranes. These results indicate that FtsZ2 has a localization pattern distinct from that of FtsZ1, which can be related to distinct properties of the proteins. From the results presented here, we propose a model for the sequential topological localization and functions of green plant FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in chloroplast division.

scholarly journals Colocalization of Plastid Division Proteins in the Chloroplast Stromal Compartment Establishes a New Functional Relationship between FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in Higher Plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 1656-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary S. McAndrew ◽  
John E. Froehlich ◽  
Stanislav Vitha ◽  
Kevin D. Stokes ◽  
Katherine W. Osteryoung
Keyword(s):  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plastid Division ◽  
Stromal Compartment

scholarly journals Developmentally regulated association of plastid division protein FtsZ1 with thylakoid membranes in Arabidopsis thaliana

2007 ◽  
Vol 409 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Sayed El-Kafafi ◽  
Mohamed Karamoko ◽  
Isabelle Pignot-Paintrand ◽  
Didier Grunwald ◽  
Paul Mandaron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Chloroplast Division ◽  
Plastid Division ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Ftsz Gene ◽  
Chloroplast Morphology

FtsZ is a key protein involved in bacterial and organellar division. Bacteria have only one ftsZ gene, while chlorophytes (higher plants and green alga) have two distinct FtsZ gene families, named FtsZ1 and FtsZ2. This raises the question of why chloroplasts in these organisms need distinct FtsZ proteins to divide. In order to unravel new functions associated with FtsZ proteins, we have identified and characterized an Arabidopsis thaliana FtsZ1 loss-of-function mutant. ftsZ1-knockout mutants are impeded in chloroplast division, and division is restored when FtsZ1 is expressed at a low level. FtsZ1-overexpressing plants show a drastic inhibition of chloroplast division. Chloroplast morphology is altered in ftsZ1, with chloroplasts having abnormalities in the thylakoid membrane network. Overexpression of FtsZ1 also induced defects in thylakoid organization with an increased network of twisting thylakoids and larger grana. We show that FtsZ1, in addition to being present in the stroma, is tightly associated with the thylakoid fraction. This association is developmentally regulated since FtsZ1 is found in the thylakoid fraction of young developing plant leaves but not in mature and old plant leaves. Our results suggest that plastid division protein FtsZ1 may have a function during leaf development in thylakoid organization, thus highlighting new functions for green plastid FtsZ.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Localization of Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in the Phleom of Nicotiana Tabacum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 230-231
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw ◽  
Jamison E. Gilder
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Atpase Localization

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity has been shown to be associated with numerous physiological processes in both plants and animal cells. Biochemical studies have shown that in higher plants ATPase activity is high in cell wall preparations and is associated with the plasma membrane, nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes. However, there have been only a few ATPase localization studies of higher plants at the electron microscope level. Poux (1967) demonstrated ATPase activity associated with most cellular organelles in the protoderm cells of Cucumis roots. Hall (1971) has demonstrated ATPase activity in root tip cells of Zea mays. There was high surface activity largely associated with the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata. ATPase activity was also demonstrated in mitochondria, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and plastids.

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Pro-Vascular Cellular Morphology in Chaetophora Incressata

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
A. E. Hotchkiss ◽  
A. T. Hotchkiss ◽  
R. P. Apkarian
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Multicellular green algae may be an ancestral form of the vascular plants. These algae exhibit cell wall structure, chlorophyll pigmentation, and physiological processes similar to those of higher plants. The presence of a vascular system which provides water, minerals, and nutrients to remote tissues in higher plants was believed unnecessary for the algae. Among the green algae, the Chaetophorales are complex highly branched forms that might require some means of nutrient transport. The Chaetophorales do possess apical meristematic groups of cells that have growth orientations suggestive of stem and root positions. Branches of Chaetophora incressata were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for ultrastructural evidence of pro-vascular transport.

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