Maize Nodal Roots

2020 ◽  
pp. 281-304
Author(s):  
Sarah Blizard ◽  
Erin E. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Nodal Roots

scholarly journals Rhizosphere properties of maize genotypes with contrasting phosphorus efficiency

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-181
Author(s):  
Edilson Carvalho Brasil ◽  
Vera Maria Carvalho Alves ◽  
Ivanildo Evódio Marriel ◽  
Gilson Villaça Exel Pitta ◽  
Janice Guedes de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Rhizosphere Ph ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Rhizosphere Properties

An experiment was conducted in a growth chamber to evaluate characteristics of the rhizosphere of maize genotypes contrasting in P-use efficiency, by determining length and density of root hairs, the rhizosphere pH and the functional diversity of rhizosphere bacteria. A sample of a Red Oxisol was limed and fertilized with N, K and micronutrients. In the treatment with the highest P level, 174 mg kg-1 P was added. Each experimental unit corresponded to a PVC rhizobox filled with 2.2 dm-3 soil. The experiment was completely randomized with three replications in a 5 x 2 factorial design, corresponding to five genotypes (H1, H2 and H3 = P-efficient hybrids, H4 and H5 = P-inefficient hybrids) and two P levels (low = 3 mg dm-3, high = 29 mg dm-3). It was found that 18 days after transplanting, the nodal roots of the hybrids H3 and H2 had the longest root hairs. In general, the pH in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes was higher than in non-rhizosphere soil, irrespective of the P level. The pH was higher in the rhizosphere of lateral than of nodal roots. At low P levels, the pH variation of the hybrids H2, H4 and H5 was greater in rhizospheric than in non-rhizospheric soil. The functional microbial activity in the rhizosphere of the hybrids H3 and H5 was highest. At low soil P levels, the indices of microbial functional diversity were also higher. The microbial metabolic profile in the rhizosphere of hybrids H1, H2, H3, and H5 remained unaltered when the plants were grown at low P. The variations in the rhizosphere properties could not be related to patterns of P-use efficiency in the tested genotypes.

scholarly journals Biological substantiation of applications microfertilizers and organo-mineral preparations for out-root treatment wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
L. E. Kolesnikov ◽  
S. P. Melnikov ◽  
M. V. Kiselev ◽  
E. V. Zuev ◽  
T. A. Vasileva
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Vegetative Part ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Spring Soft Wheat ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
Root Treatment ◽  
Wheat Spike

The paper presents data on the evaluation of the effect of ten preparations based on humic substances and silver (FlorhGumat, FloraS, Edagum, Fitop Flora-S, Zerebra agro, BatyrMax, Batyr 40N, Batyr 40N + MAX, Azofoska) on the productivity of spring soft wheat. The productivity of wheat was studied in indicators of: the phase of the plant (according to the scale of Eucarpia) the number of germinal, coleoptile roots, the length of the germinal, coleoptile roots, the number of nodal roots, the length of nodal roots, the summary mass of the roots, the mass of the vegetative part of the plants, the length of the wheat spike, the number of spikelets in the wheat spike, the number of grains in the wheat spike, the mass of the spike, the height of the plants, the area of the flag leaf, the area of the pre-flags leaf, productive tilling capacity, general tilling capacity. Out-root treatment of plants with preparations in appropriate concentrations was carried out in the evening hours during the phases of wheat tillering and the formation of a flags leaf. The greatest influence on the productivity of wheat was provided by the preparation BatyrMax. The preparation Edagum showed maximum effectiveness in the number of reliable positive changes in the productivity of wheat compared to the control (untreated plants) and background (the plants were treated with the preparation Azofoska). Similarities in the action of Edagum, Phytop Flora-S and Zerebra Agro, Batyr 40N + Max on the changes in the most of the wheat productivity indicators were revealed. There was no statistically significant effect on the yield of Flora-S, FlorHumat, Azofoska.

Effect of copper deficiency in wheat on the infection of roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Wood ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Wheat was grown in a soil at five levels of copper (ranging from levels deficient, to those luxurious, for plant growth), in the presence or absence of introduced take-all inoculum (oat kernels colonized by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritica). The incidence and severity of take-all were related to the copper supply and hence the copper status of the wheat. Plants grown without applied copper were more severely infected by take-all than were those grown with an adequate or luxurious supply of copper. The number of lesions per gram fresh weight of roots was reduced from 6.5 to 2.4 by increasing the copper supply from that severely deficient, to that adequate for plant growth. In seminal roots, increasing the copper supply from levels severely deficient to those adequate or luxurious for plant growth, decreased the length of proximal lesions (those closest to the seed). By contrast, in nodal roots, a similar increase in copper supply had no effect on the length of proximal lesions, but increased the length of uninfected root between the crown and proximal lesions. In both seminal and nodal roots, copper supply did not affect the intensity of lesions.

Water Stressed Nodal Roots of Wheat: Effects on Leaf Growth

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Volkmar
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Leaf Relative Water Content

This experiment as undertaken to determine the efects of soil drying around the nodal and/or seminal root systems on the shoot growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two split-root experiments were conducted, the first on newly emerged nodal roots of 18-day-old wheat plants, the second on 25-day-old plants. In both experiments, nodal and seminal roots were isolated from one another and water was withheld from either the nodal root chamber, the seminal root chamber, or both, over 6 days. In the first experiment, leaf growth was unaffected by withholding water from very short nodal roots, even though leaf relative water content of the droughted plants decreased. By comparison, both leaf elongation rate and relative water content decreased by withholding water from the seminal roots. On plants that were 1 week older, leaf growth rate and leaf relative water content decreased when nodal roots were drought-stressed. Leaf growth rate of seminal root droughted plants was more impaired than their nodal root counterparts, even though leaf relative water contents of the two treatments were the same. In both experiments, drought stress applied to the nodal root system enhanced nodal root growth more than seminal roots. These results suggest that seminal and nodal roots perceive and respond to drought stress differently with respect to the nature of the message conveyed to the shoots.

The role of nodal roots in prostrate clonal herbs: ‘phalanx’ versus ‘guerrilla’

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Thomas ◽  
M. J. M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Nodal Roots

Relationships Between Yield and Crown Disease of Sweet Corn Grown in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Nathan L. Miller ◽  
Cynthia M. Ocamb
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Corn Plants

Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) yields in the Willamette Valley of Oregon declined during the 1990s. Severe root rot affected some plants shortly before harvest, but was absent in other plants that showed secondary symptoms of reduced ear yield and leaf death; necrosis of stalk nodes and crown tissues was found instead. Studies were done to determine if there is a relationship among yield and necrosis of crowns, stalk nodes, nodal roots, radicles, or sub-crown internodes. An image analysis program was used to quantify the grayscale value of crown and node tissues. Regression analysis indicates that plants with darker crown tissues have lower ear weights. Rots of the nodal roots, radicle, or sub-crown internode were poor predictors of ear weight at harvest. When either Fusarium oxysporum or F. verticillioides were isolated from crowns of commercial sweet corn plants, these crowns had significantly darker grayscale values than those from which neither species was isolated; ear weights were also lower when F. oxysporum was isolated from the crown or a stalk node. Accepted for publication 13 July 2009. Published 31 August 2009.

scholarly journals Response of millet and sorghum to a varying water supply around the primary and nodal roots

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rostamza ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
M. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Nodal Roots

Root development in seedlings of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) sown onto the soil surface

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
Nodal Root ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Surface Drying ◽  
Axial Resistance

The effects of surface-sowing on root type, number and xylem radius were studied in relation to the seedling growth and survival of ryegrass and phalaris. Under optimal conditions in a growth cabinet, both species produced primary and lateral seminal roots, nodal roots and, in the absence of light, a subcoleoptile internode (s.c.i.). Phalaris had fewer lateral seminal roots and, in this species, internodal roots occurred along the s.c.i. Surface placement per se had no effect on any of the measured parameters of root development, but surface drying prevented nodal root primordia from extending, even when plants were otherwise supplied with water. This effect of surface drying on nodal root development was confirmed in a glasshouse study using undisturbed soil cores (30 by 60 cm) to simulate field conditions. Phalaris was less likely than ryegrass to produce nodal roots after surface sowing. The effective xylem radius (re) of the primary seminal root was 7.9 �m in ryegrass and 11.6 �m in phalaris. Calculations using the Poiseuille equation indicated that the axial resistance to water flow through these roots would greatly restrict seedling water uptake and growth in the absence of other roots. Lateral seminal roots and internodal roots had small vessels which could not significantly reduce the axial resistance to flow. Good seedling water relations in both species therefore depend on early development of the nodal roots which contain large xylem vessels (re > 16 �m). It was concluded that the effect of soil-surface drying on nodal root development was likely to account for some cases of poor vigour and survival of surface-sown grasses.

The impact of yellow stem-borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), on deepwater rice, with special reference to Bangladesh

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Deepwater Rice ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Nodal Roots ◽  
The Impact

AbstractUsing several methods, claims that stem-borers, especially Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), cause serious crop loss in deepwater rice were tested in Bangladesh. Insecticides were used to control different borer broods. Early season, pre-flood applications reduced infestation, but did not affect yield. One to three mid- to late-season applications of monocrotophos at 250 g a.i./ha significantly reduced infestation and/or whitehead numbers, with yield savings (7-10%) similar to those which earlier workers obtained by applying diazinon 20 times in a season. In each of six years, tiller populations peaked before flooding, then steadily declined until harvest, but stem-borer infestation varied, remaining low until late season in two of the years. In 1981, infestation lower than 24% pre-flood and 42% at harvest did not affect yield. In 1982, eighty-four correlation calculations showed no consistent significant effects of infestation (27-60%, C.V. 40%) on yield (25 000 stems were dissected). Anatomical studies of elongated stems revealed S. incertulas feeding neither causes significant structural damage nor seriously interrupts nutrient flow; also, the passage of a larva through a nodal septum is not detrimental. Irrespective of stem-borer attack, the submerged lower internodes commonly die, the fibrous remains anchor the upper stem, and nodal roots take over nutrient uptake. Studies of panicle-bearing stems (n = 838) showed that, even with 97% stem infestation, most yield loss results from infestation of the terminal internode and is manifested predominantly as whiteheads. In a specific study, 94% whiteheads (n = 205) were associated with terminal internode infestation, where larval feeding in the narrow stem had disrupted food conduction, so preventing grain-filling. The apparent tolerance of S. incertulas by deepwater rice varieties is consistent with their being a primitive group of cultivated rices.

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