The role of diaphragm as a natural resistance to the necrosis produced by pruning cuts

Long before the scientific method was created, vine pruning was established as an art as early as at the beginning of the Christian era. Pruning is a way of reducing the vegetative part of the vine in order to limit its natural growth, and thus improve yield and grape quality by controlling the number of latent buds that are left per vine. Today, Virgilio and Plineo instructions are still being followed for pruning, with the exception of some small empirical changes, which were introduced in the 19th century by Jules Guyot. This report aims to evaluate the effect of pruning cuts on wood necrosis behaviour, and to determine the effect of pruning on shoot development on different vine varieties.

Benzo[a]pyrene accumulation in tomato plants (Solanum Lycopersicum) under the model vegetation experience

<p>Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most dangerous organic pollutants, a representative of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons class, a carcinogen and mutagen of the I danger class. BaP content must be obligatory controlled in all natural environments. During BaP sorption on the soil surface, it is involving in the migration processes in the soil profile and the soil-plant system uptake. Plants are exposed to BaP, and almost 45% of the toxicant in the atmosphere could be accumulated by plants. The soil - plant system is an important object of the environmental pollution control, as it reveals the process of distribution, transformation, and accumulation of BaP in plants and soil. The aim of this work was to study the BaP accumulation in tomato plants (Solánum lycopérsicum) under the conditions of a model vegetation experiment.</p><p>The studies were carried out under the conditions of a vegetation experiment. The Haplic Chernozem soil was sifted through a sieve with a diameter of 1 mm and placed by 2 kg in 4 L pots. A BaP solution in acetonitrile was added to the soil surface based on the creation of a pollutant concentration in the soil of 400 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>. The original uncontaminated Haplic Chernozem was used as a control. The soil was sown with tomato plants (Solánum lycopérsicum) of the early maturing variety White filling 241. The experiment was replicated three times. The content of BaP in the soil of the control sample was 17.8 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, in tomato roots - 2 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, in the vegetative part of tomato - 1.0 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, in the fruits of plants the value was equal to 0.3 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p>Addition of the 400 μg kg-1 BaP increased it’s content in the soil to 369 μg kg-1. The accumulation of pollutant in the roots of the tomato plants was 244.5 μg kg-1, and in the stems and fruits it reached 130.2 and 55.1 μg kg-1, respectively, which greatly exceeded the control values. In the soil contaminated with BaP, the excess of the pollutant concentration relative to the control sample was 20 times. In the roots of tomato plants, the excess of the pollutant concentration relative to the control was 120 times, and in stems and fruits, the concentration excess relative to the control sample was 130 and 180 times, respectively.</p><p>Thus, there was an accumulation of the pollutant in tomato plants when the soil was contaminated with 400 μg kg<sup>-1</sup> BaP. The highest concentration of BaP was found for tomato roots and exceeded control content in more than 12 times. In plant stems, the concentration of BaP reached 130.2 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, and in tomato vegetative part the concentration of BaP was 55.1 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>, which corresponds to 55 MPC for food products.</p><p>The research was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation project no. 19-74-10046.</p>

Features of the process for fodder production of grain heap at early and very early harvesting

The production process for pelleted feed using undivided grain heap harvested by stripping into milky to wax ripeness phases is described. This made it possible to increase the protein content in the feed by 7-8% due to the grain richer in protein in early and very early harvesting periods and the inclusion of the vegetative part of the ear in the feed, as well as to reduce the cost of preparing the feed.

Diet of Chukar Partridge Alectoris chukar (Gray): Histological analysis of the droppings

Undigested remains from droppings of Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar (Gray) were examined under the microscope for qualitative and quantitative information on the food and feeding habits of this popular sport bird. Findings suggested that the Chukar partridge feed both the plants and animals along with grits throughout the year. The vegetative parts was comprised by overall 87.73±12.31% of faecal remains and represented by total 24 species of plants, belonging to 13 families while non-vegetative part was 9.36±2.46% and represented by hard body parts of 8 Orders of arthropods. Other than plants and animals, average 2.84±1.17% grits was also recorded from undigested faecal remains. The leaves, roots and seeds of plants like Saccharum, Brachiaria, Chloris, Echinochloa, Oryza, Apluda (of the family Poaceae) and seeds of Cajanus, Vigna and Glycine (family Fabaceae), and grasshoppers (order - Dissoptera) and flies (order - Diptera) are identified as major components of the diet of Chukar partridge

THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OF TIERED APPLICATION OF LIQUID MINERAL FERTILIZERS CAS INTRA-SOIL AND SURFACE ON THE VEGETATIVE PART - THE LEAVES OF CROPS

The article presents the results of a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of winter wheat fertilizing with liquid nitrogen and nitrogen-sulfur-containing mineral fertilizers based on CAS (CAS-32 and CAS+S) produced by PJSC KuibyshevAzot with innovative technologies: surface sprayer, intra-soil multi-injector and combined.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BIOCONVERSION PRODUCTS POST-EXTRACTION RESIDUES OF THE VEGE-TATIVE PART OF PLANTS BY FUNGI FOMITOPSIS PINICOLA (SW.) P. KARST (FP5-15)

The vegetative part of coniferous and deciduous wood plants is a unique source of natural compounds. The natural renewability of woody plants makes them an inexhaustible raw material for the production of biologically active substances. In the process of their production, about 70% of the non-recyclable post-extraction residue of the vegetative part remains, which is used as a feed additive. Since many plant wastes have a low protein content, in which essential amino acids are most often the limiting ones, they must be enriched with microbial protein, in particular the protein of basidial fungi. For this purpose, the fungi Fomitopsis pinicola (sw.) P. KARST (Fp5-15) were used in this work, since they are the least demanding to plant substrates and have high growth indicators. The purpose of this study was to study the amino acid composition of products obtained as a result of bioconversion of post-extraction residues of fir tree greens and the vegetative part of balsamic poplar (buds, litter). The analysis of the amino acid composition of the products showed that the protein score increases during the biodegradation process (phenylalanine and tyrosine-by 35 %, threonine – by 37.5%). Also, high amounts of glycine, alanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were found in the products of biodegradation. In terms of the content of a number of amino acids, the resulting products are superior to cereals and feed products based on the vegetative part of woody plants. Thus, the results obtained show the possibility of using fermentation products as protein feed additives.

COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND RECYCLING OF VEGETATIVE POPLAR AFTER REMOVAL OF EXTRAC-TIVES. REPORT 3. OBTAINING BIOIOGICAL PRODUCTS BASED ON FUNGI OF THE GENUS TRIGHODERMA

The purpose of this work was to assess the suitability of solid and liquid waste generated during processing of the vegetative part of poplar as substrates for biochemical processing in order to obtain biologics for various purposes. For the study, we used post-extraction residues, as well as a cubic liquid formed after distilling essential oils and extracting alcohol-soluble substances from the vegetative part of the balsamic poplar (Populus balzamifera L.). Siberian strains of fungi of the genus Trichoderma used as a biodestructor. Studies have shown that the vegetative part of poplar and its individual elements are an available substrate for the growth of mycelial fungi. The high yield of spores (4.5×109 spor/g) and the formation of humic substances (11%) used as plant growth stimulators during solid-phase cultivation of the MG-97 strain of Trichoderma fungi gives grounds to use the vegetative part of poplar as a technological raw material for obtaining a biological product of the "Trichodermin" type or soil humification. Depending on the purpose of the preparations, the duration of cultivation can vary: for obtaining agricultural biologics up to 15 days, more – for soil humification. The inclusion of a cubic liquid at the stage of substrate humidification allows to obtain a biological product with a higher spore titer (5×109 spor/g), makes it possible to close the water consumption cycle and make the technology of processing the vegetative part of poplar waste-free.

Macroscopic And Microscopic Diagnostic Features Of Erythrina Subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr

This study provides a deep insite on thePhytomorphology and Plant anatomy of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr family- Fabaceae. Phytomorphology deals with external shape, structure and physical form, while plant anatomy deals with internal structure mostly at microscopic/cell level. Both Anatomy and morphology play a vital role in that physical characteristic of an internal and external plant during different ages of plants. The purpose of this study is to understand the techniques and basic principal of histochemical and anatomical localization of metabolites in Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr- a widely distributed plant in Western Ghats of India. Using a simple microscope, the initial phase of Phytomorphologyand shape of the vegetative part of leaf were determined which are collected during phenological phase of the flowering period. The current study investigated the anatomical characterization of the lower and upper epidermis and characterized the lamina and petiole of the vegetative part of a leaf. Primary and secondary metabolites of a leaf of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr was carried out with the aim in improving the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of the herbal medicine. Established macroscopical and microscopical diagnostic features, which will prevent misuse and to avoid process adulteration. The information about this species and this manuscript brings additional data which are studies for the first time according to the author's knowledge. Considerable macroscopical and microscopical, Quantitive and powder microscopic features of the vegetative part of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr were described in detail.

PEROXIDE DELIGNIFICATION OF THE VEGETATIVE PART OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE IN THE MEDIUM ACETIC ACID-WATER

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke as a raw material for the production of cellulose using redox-organosolvent delignification in the medium "CH3СOOН – H2O2 – H2O". The chemical composition of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke and the influence of technological parameters of the delignification process on the yield and properties of the cellulose product were studied. It was found that the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke collected in October (stems without leaves) with a chemical composition of more than 50 wt.% of polysaccharides in which presented the Kurshner-Hoffer cellulose more than 90 wt.% was more promising for processing. Experimental methods have been used to determine the parameters of the process of delignification of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke, which provide a high yield of cellulose (42.1 wt.%) with a low content of residual lignin (1.1 wt.%): content of H2O2 – 6.5 wt.%, CH3COOH – 23.4 wt.%, GM 15, duration – 2.5 h, catalyst H2SO4 – 0.2 wt.%. It is shown that pre-extraction of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke with a 0.3% solution of dicarboxylic acids at a temperature of 80 °C with a liquid modulus of 10 for 3 hours reduces the content of residual lignin in the cellulose product to 0.5 wt.% and obtain an extract whose yield is – 7.8 wt.%, including a PB of 4.2 wt.%, which makes it promising for biochemical processing. The obtained results expand the areas of use of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke and show the prospects for further more depth research to optimize the process of delignification and study the properties of the cellulose product.

Conversion of Waste Processing of the Vegetative Part of the Poplar by Indigenous Strains of Fungi of the Genus Trichoderma

The article presents the results of a study of the impact of the enzyme complex strains M99-9 and K6-15 micro-peach fungi of the genus Trichoderma on a mixed substrate. It is established that in the process of biodegradation with strains K6-15 M99-9 in the substrate reduced content of extractives 2.1-2.4 times that of the polysaccharide is 1.5-1.8 times, and ligninase substances 1.2-1.4 times. This was an accumulation of up to 9-12% of humic substances. The decrease in the mass of the substrate during the cultivation of the strain M99-9 was 17.3%, and the strain K6 – 15-30% less. The most productive on this substrate is strain K6-15. The growth of conidia within two weeks of cultivation for strain K6-15 was 16.6·108 CFU/g and strain M99-9 – 11,5·108 CFU/g. High yield of spores and formation of humic substances during cultivation of fungi of the genus Trichoderma makes it possible to use the vegetative part of a poplar as raw materials for receiving a biological product “Trichodermin” or humification of the soil