Perfluorocarbon-Loaded and Redox-Activatable Photosensitizing Agent with Oxygen Supply for Enhancement of Fluorescence/Photoacoustic Imaging Guided Tumor Photodynamic Therapy

Microbubbles and nanobubbles can be prepared using various shells, such as phospholipids, polymers, proteins, and surfactants. They are echogenic and can be used as contrast agents for ultrasonic and photoacoustic imaging. These bubbles can be engineered in various sizes as vehicles for gas and drug delivery applications with novel properties and flexible structures. Hypoxic areas in tumors develop owing to an imbalance of oxygen supply and demand. In tumors, hypoxic regions have shown more resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapies. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy depends on the availability of oxygen in the tumor to generate reactive oxygen species. Micro/nanobubbles have been shown to reverse hypoxic conditions and increase tissue oxygen levels. This review summarizes the synthesis methods and shell compositions of micro/nanobubbles and methods deployed for oxygen delivery. In addition, the shortcomings and prospects of engineering micro/nanobubbles are discussed for their potential use in photodynamic therapy.

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Topical Administration of Tetrasodium-Mesotetraphenyl-Porphinesulfonate (TPPS): Correlation between Drug Penetration and Depth of Necrosis in Skin of Nude Mice following Red Light Irradiation

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089168707300102 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Renato Marchesini ◽

Elsa Melloni ◽

Giovanni Bottiroli ◽

Salvatore Andreola ◽

Giannino Fava ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Nude Mice ◽

Red Light ◽

Local Treatment ◽

Topical Administration ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Drug Penetration ◽

Suitable Treatment ◽

Epithelial Layers ◽

Photosensitizing Agent

The main side effect in photodynamic therapy is photosensitization of the patient's skin following systemic administration of the photosensitizing agent. In the case of superficial lesions, this problem can be avoided by topically applying the drug: in this way a local treatment can be performed. We tested the photosensitizing properties of a 2 % solution of TPPS (tetrasodium-tetraphenylporphinesulfonate) in a vehicle containing a penetration enhancer, Azone, on skin of nude mice. An aliquot of 0.1 ml/cm2 of the solution was painted on the skin overlying an s.c. implanted NMU-1 tumor. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed at different times after application. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that TPPS penetration depth was related to time elapsed after application and to painting modalities. Solution penetration was enhanced by wiping with ether immediately before painting. Irradiation at 80 mW/cm2 for 20 min with a dye laser emitting at 640 am, 4 h after TPPS application, produced necrosis of the upper skin layers, up to 0.2 mm in depth. These findings suggest that topical TPPS administration, followed by laser irradiation, may be a suitable treatment modality for skin lesions involving epithelial layers, even though several aspects of this metodology need further investigation.

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Susceptibility of Candida Species to Photodynamic Effects of Photofrin

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.48.6.2000-2006.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 2000-2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

Joseph M. Bliss ◽

Chad E. Bigelow ◽

Thomas H. Foster ◽

Constantine G. Haidaris

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Drug Dose ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Therapeutic Modalities ◽

Fungal Damage ◽

Different Strains ◽

Photosensitizing Agent

ABSTRACT The in vitro susceptibility of pathogenic Candida species to the photodynamic effects of the clinically approved photosensitizing agent Photofrin was examined. Internalization of Photofrin by Candida was confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy, and the degree of uptake was dependent on incubation concentration. Uptake of Photofrin by Candida and subsequent sensitivity to irradiation was influenced by culture conditions. Photofrin uptake was poor in C. albicans blastoconidia grown in nutrient broth. However, conversion of blastoconidia to filamentous forms by incubation in defined tissue culture medium resulted in substantial Photofrin uptake. Under conditions where Photofrin was effectively taken up by Candida, irradiated organisms were damaged in a drug dose- and light-dependent manner. Uptake of Photofrin was not inhibited by azide, indicating that the mechanism of uptake was not dependent on energy provided via electron transport. Fungal damage induced by Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was determined by evaluation of metabolic activity after irradiation. A strain of C. glabrata took up Photofrin poorly and was resistant to killing after irradiation. In contrast, two different strains of C. albicans displayed comparable levels of sensitivity to PDT. Furthermore, a reference strain of C. krusei that is relatively resistant to fluconazole compared to C. albicans was equally sensitive to C. albicans at Photofrin concentrations of ≥3 μg/ml. The results indicate that photodynamic therapy may be a useful adjunct or alternative to current anti-Candida therapeutic modalities, particularly for superficial infections on surfaces amenable to illumination.

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Berberine as a photosensitizing agent for antitumoral photodynamic therapy: Insights into its association to low density lipoproteins

International Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 510 (1) ◽

pp. 240-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Nathalia Luiza Andreazza ◽

Christine Vevert-Bizet ◽

Geneviève Bourg-Heckly ◽

Franck Sureau ◽

Marcos José Salvador ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Low Density Lipoproteins ◽

Low Density ◽

Photosensitizing Agent

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Perspectives on the Role of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

International Journal of Photoenergy ◽

10.1155/2012/637429 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wei Li ◽

Qingyong Ma ◽

Erxi Wu

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Tumor Cell Death ◽

Antitumor Effects ◽

Immune System Activation ◽

System Activation ◽

Photosensitizing Agent

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive procedure involving a photosensitizing agent that is activated by light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively destroy tumor cells. In recent years, PDT has been used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC). The antitumor effects of PDT include three main mechanisms: direct tumor cell death (necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy), vascular destruction, and immune system activation. The present paper systematically summarizes the effects of PDT in the treatment of PC from the experimental studies to the clinical studies and discusses the mechanisms of PDT-induced PC destruction.

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Photoacoustic Imaging Application in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.1100 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 364-366 ◽

pp. 1100-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liang Zhong Xiang ◽

Fei Fan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Photoacoustic Imaging ◽

Tumor Therapy ◽

Single Pulse ◽

Treatment Monitoring ◽

Tumor Diagnosis ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Imaging Application ◽

Early Tumor

Photoacoustic imaging (also called optoacoustic or thermoacoustic imaging) can image vascularity clearly with simultaneous high contrast and high spatial resolution, and has the potential to be an application for tumor diagnosis and treatment monitoring. In a unique photoacoustic system, a single pulse laser beam was used as the light source for both cancer treatment and for concurrently generating ultrasound signals for photoacoustic imaging. The photoacoustic system was used to detect early tumor on the rat back, and the vascular structure around the tumor could be imaged clearly with optimal contrast. This system was also used to monitoring damage of the vascular structures before, during and after photodynamic therapy of tumor. This work demonstrates that photoacoustic imaging can potentially be used to guide photodynamic therapy and other phototherapies using vascular changes during treatment. Prospective application of photoacoustic imaging is to characterize and monitor the accumulation of gold nanoshells in vivo to guide nanoshell-based thermal tumor therapy.

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Efficacy of gallium phthalocyanine as a photosensitizing agent in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer

10.1117/12.2001266 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kaminee Maduray ◽

Bharti Odhav

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Photosensitizing Agent

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Fricke Dosimetry as a Tool to Quality Control of Photodynamic Therapy

Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences ◽

10.15392/bjrs.v7i3.427 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

Author(s):

SUZANA OLIVEIRA SANTOS ◽

Vivianne L. B. Souza

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Low Cost ◽

Red Light ◽

Green Light ◽

Yellow Light ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Cellular Necrosis ◽

Photosensitizing Agent

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists of the association of a photosensitizing agent with a light source in order to cause cellular necrosis. Methylene blue, toluidine blue and malachite green are photosensitizers derived from dyes that are widely accepted in medicine, as they have low toxicity and are low cost. PDT is an alternative treatment for cancer, with significant advantages over procedures such as surgery/chemotherapy. Our laboratory has studied the Fricke solution doped with photosensitizers in an approach to obtain a quality control for PDT. The Fricke solution was prepared with ammoniacal ferrous sulfate, sodium chloride and sulfuric acid in water. The solutions modified with photosensitizers were prepared by adding 0.1 g/100 mL of the dyes. A volume of 2.6 ml of the Fricke solution modified with photosensitizers were transferred to test tubes and irradiated. The irradiated solutions had their optical densities measured in a spectrophotometer. The samples were irradiated with LED (Light Emitting Diodes) in acrylic phantoms. The FATA samples irradiated with LED showed the sensitivity of the dosimeters to red, blue, green and yellow light. A calibration curve with correlation coefficient of 0.9884 for the red light was obtained; 0.9752 for blue light; 0.9644 for the green light and 0.9768 for the yellow light. The fact that a sensitivity of the dosimeters to the LED has been occurred indicates that the PDT could be realized with LED, with lower costs than with laser. This work suggested that FATA dosimeters can be used for quality control of PDT.

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