scholarly journals Design standardization of unit operations for reducing the capital intensity and cost of small‐scale chemical processes

AIChE Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Arora ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
Manali S. Zantye ◽  
M. M. Faruque Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Unit Operations

scholarly journals Development of Small-Scale Experiments for the Education of Chemical Engineering and Its Practice for Undergraduates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Katayama ◽  
Risa Ichinohe ◽  
Yuki Konno ◽  
Woon Yong Sohn ◽  
Shota Kuwahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Reaction Engineering ◽  
Thermal Engineering ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Engineering Program ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Educational Experiment

A series of small-scale/micro-scale experiments used for the education of undergraduate students in chemical engineering courses have been developed. Based on the “small-scale/micro-scale” concept, the experiments were developed to provide an intuitive understanding of chemical processes, both by increasing the visibility of these chemical processes and by making the apparatus compact (desktop size). Nine experiments were developed that are relevant to the fields of thermal engineering, fluid engineering, unit operations, and reaction engineering. These experiments were introduced during the educational experiment course for undergraduates in the chemical engineering program.

scholarly journals Development of Small-Scale Experiments for the Education of Chemical Engineering and Its Practice for Undergraduates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Katayama ◽  
Risa Ichinohe ◽  
Yuki Konno ◽  
Woon Yong Sohn ◽  
Shota Kuwahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Reaction Engineering ◽  
Thermal Engineering ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Engineering Program ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Educational Experiment

A series of small-scale/micro-scale experiments used for the education of undergraduate students in chemical engineering courses have been developed. Based on the “small-scale/micro-scale” concept, the experiments were developed to provide an intuitive understanding of chemical processes, both by increasing the visibility of these chemical processes and by making the apparatus compact (desktop size). Nine experiments were developed that are relevant to the fields of thermal engineering, fluid engineering, unit operations, and reaction engineering. These experiments were introduced during the educational experiment course for undergraduates in the chemical engineering program.

Innovations and innovation capability in palm kernel processing industry in southwestern Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodeji Bolaji Ilori ◽  
Akinloye Lawal ◽  
Olayemi Oladehinde Simeon-Oke
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Innovation Capability ◽  
The South ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unit Operations

Purpose This study aims to examine the innovations available in the small-scale palm kernel processing firms in southwestern Nigeria. The sample population of 265 respondents was obtained through respondent-driven sampling tools. The research tools used were questionnaire, personal observations, interviews and secondary data collection approach. The questionnaire was administered to palm kernel processors and elicited information on innovations available in the firms. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Design/methodology/approach The study area consisted of Oyo, Ogun, Osun and Ondo states in the southwestern Nigeria, because of the abundant supply of palm kernel as well as the presence of small and medium palm kernel oil (PKO) processing firms. The study population consists of all small palm kernel processing enterprises in these states. A total of 265 firms were purposively selected for the study. The sampling procedure involved the initial purposive selection of a palm kernel processing firm in a location, from where other firms within the locality were then identified. The primary data were collected through the use of questionnaire, interview and personal observation. Findings The results of the study showed that only process, organisational and market innovations were recorded by the palm kernel processing firms. Apart from the sieving operation where majority of the firms (91.30 per cent) used manual method, other unit operations were done mechanically. There was evidence of one or two innovation(s) available in the unit operations of these firms. Also, improvements were carried out occasionally in the process and marketing operations; the major sources of ideas for innovation were from related firms and customers. The organisations where majority of these firms had linkage with were Nigeria Palm Kernel Processing Association, government agencies and customer/suppliers. Research limitations/implications The findings are limited to the south-western part of Nigeria, there is need to extend the study to other states in the southern part where palm produce is the major cash crop. This will assist in making better generalisation on the innovation and innovation capability of the processors in Nigeria. Practical implications The study showed that the palm kernel processing firms experienced low innovation capability which could be due to their weak interactions with the knowledge institutions. Hence, there is need for these palm kernel processing firms to establish strong linkage with the knowledge institutions where their innovation capability can be enhanced. Social implications The findings in this paper can serve as an input to the design of policies that can enhance the innovation capability of the various actors in the value chain. This will assist in preventing wastages, increasing the quantity and quality of products and creating job opportunities. This is because the quality of PKO depends on the processing method; hence, better process innovation will improve the characteristics of the oil and widen its application. Originality/value Much has been written about palm kernel processing in medium and large enterprises, but information is still scanty on the small-scale processing enterprises. This paper contributed to knowledge by examining the innovations existing in the palm kernel processing enterprises in the south-western part of Nigeria and the innovation capability possessed by these enterprises.

scholarly journals Porosity distribution in a heterogeneous clay-rich fault core by image processing of 14C-PMMA autoradiographs and Scanning Electron Microscopy

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (21) ◽  
pp. 1167-1173
Author(s):  
Ville Nenonen ◽  
Juuso Sammaljärvi ◽  
Bo Johanson ◽  
Mikko Voutilainen ◽  
Emilie L’Hôpital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zones ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Radionuclide Migration ◽  
Shale Formations ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Fault Gouges ◽  
High Level ◽  
Underground Research Laboratory

AbstractShale formations are considered by a number of countries as the most suitable media to dispose of high-level radioactive waste. This is mainly due to the impermeable, self-sealing, chemical reducing, and sorption properties that tend to retard radionuclide migration. However, shale formations can also contain highly connected fault zones with permeabilities that can differ of several orders of magnitudes with respect to the undeformed host rock. The objective of this work is to use the 14C-PMMA autoradiography method combined with SEM-EDS measurements to understand the porosity variations in and around fault gouges and to define their relationship to mechano-chemical processes. The studied samples were taken from a low permeability shale in a small-scale vertical strike-slip fault at the Tournemire underground research laboratory. Results display significant variations in porosity and mineralogy along the studied gouge zone due to polyphased tectonics and paleo-fluid circulations.

scholarly journals Partial Oxidation of Light Alkanes as a Base of New Generation of Gas Chemical Processes

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.S. Arutyunov ◽  
L.N. Strekova ◽  
A.V. Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Partial Oxidation ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Alkanes ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
3D Matrix ◽  
Simple Technology

Recent developments in unconventional natural gas production increase the need for principally new small-scale technologies for gas processing and transportation. The promising way for small-scale gas processing is its autothermal partial oxidation to syngas or direct partial oxidation to chemicals. The paper considers some prospective gas chemical processes based on the partial oxidation of light alkanes. Among them are the conversion of natural gas to syngas in volumetric (3D) matrix burners made of a gas permeable material and direct conversion of methane to methanol without its preliminary conversion to syngas (DMTM). As a more simple technology that lets to use fat associated oil gas often flaring in remote sites, it can be suggested the selective oxidative cracking of heavier components of natural gas. This process converts heavy methane homologues from propane to pentane and heavier into ethylene, methane, ethane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, thus increasing methane index (octane number) of gas and making it suitable for feeding modern gas piston and gas turbine power engines. One more interesting prospect is the creation of technologies making use of the subsequent processing of valuable oxycracking products, such as olefins, CO, and hydrogen, for example, by their catalytic co-polymerization without preliminary separation from gas phase. The co-polymerization of CO and ethylene, followed by the separation of resulting liquid products, can considerably improve the economic attractiveness of the oxycracing process. Thus, despite the absence of economically proved and industrial-scale tested smallcapacity direct and indirect gas chemical technologies, intensive efforts to develop such alternative technologies let to expect near bright future for them.

Examining the determinants of small firms' performance in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar Sinha ◽  
Aswini Kumar Mishra ◽  
Manogna RL ◽  
Rohit Prabhudesai
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe objective of the study is to analyse the impact of research and development investment on the firm performance of “small” scale firms vis-a-vis “medium”-scale firms.Design/methodology/approachThe dataset comprised of a balanced panel of 486 research and development conducting Indian manufacturing small and medium enterprises, constructed for the period of 2006–2017. Fixed Effects, Random Effects Model and Hausmann test were used to analyse the determinants of firm performance in manufacturing small and medium enterprises in India.FindingsIt was found that from firms’ research and development (R&D) investments in terms of performance could be attained if simultaneously internationalisation and higher capital intensity could be achieved.Practical implicationsManagers could pay specific attention to the antecedents of firm performance and calibrate their R&D investment, internationalisation efforts and capital intensity simultaneously to achieve higher growth and productivity. For policymakers, the results provide an insight into how the firms in both categories could be differently incentivised, such that resources are better utilised.Originality/valueThe study analysed the determinants of firm performance in small and medium-sized firms at a disaggregate level as well as at a sectoral level using fixed effects, random effects and lagged effects to arrive at novel results, which have important implications for their competitiveness.

scholarly journals Continuous Ultrasonic Reactors: Design, Mechanism and Application

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengya Dong ◽  
Claire Delacour ◽  
Keiran Mc Carogher ◽  
Aniket Pradip Udepurkar ◽  
Simon Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Immiscible Fluid ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Design Mechanism ◽  
Ultrasonic Reactors

Ultrasonic small scale flow reactors have found increasing popularity among researchers as they serve as a very useful platform for studying and controlling ultrasound mechanisms and effects. This has led to the use of these reactors for not only research purposes, but also various applications in biological, pharmaceutical and chemical processes mostly on laboratory and, in some cases, pilot scale. This review summarizes the state of the art of ultrasonic flow reactors and provides a guideline towards their design, characterization and application. Particular examples for ultrasound enhanced multiphase processes, spanning from immiscible fluid–fluid to fluid–solid systems, are provided. To conclude, challenges such as reactor efficiency and scalability are addressed.

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