Sex differences and shifts in body composition, physical activity, and total energy expenditure across a 3‐month expedition

Objective. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. Results. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds:extremity skinfolds, and the waist:hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. Conclusion. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.

Download Full-text

Endurance training does not enhance total energy expenditure in healthy elderly persons

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.5.e950 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 263 (5) ◽

pp. E950-E957 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

M. I. Goran ◽

E. T. Poehlman

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Cardiovascular Fitness ◽

Body Water ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Healthy Elderly

Physical exercise is prescribed to older individuals to increase cardiovascular fitness and improve body composition. However, there is limited information on the effect of exercise on total energy expenditure (TEE) and its components. We therefore determined the effects of short-term endurance training in 11 elderly volunteers (56–78 years) on changes in 1) TEE, from doubly labeled water; 2) resting metabolic rate (RMR), from respiratory gas analysis, 3) the energy expenditure of physical activity (EEPA), aside from that associated with the training program, and 4) body composition from a combination of body density with total body water. Endurance training increased maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) by 9% (2.00 +/- 0.67 to 2.17 +/- 0.64 l/min; P < 0.05) and RMR by 11% (1,596 +/- 214 to 1,763 +/- 170 kcal/day; P < 0.01). There was no significant change in TEE (2,408 +/- 478 to 2,479 +/- 497 kcal/day) before and during the last 10 days of endurance training because of a 62% reduction in EEPA (571 +/- 386 to 340 +/- 452 kcal/day; P < 0.01). There was no change in body mass, but fat masxs decreased (21.6 +/- 6.6 to 20.7 +/- 6.6 kg; P < 0.05). The increase in fat-free mass (49.5 +/- 9.0 to 50.4 +/- 9.1 kg; P < 0.05) was explained by an increase in body water (35.9 +/- 6.5 to 36.8 +/- 6.3 kg; P < 0.05). We conclude that in healthy elderly persons, endurance training enhances cardiovascular fitness, but does not increase TEE because of a compensatory decline in physical activity during the remainder of the day.

Download Full-text

Corrigendum to Purcell et al. Total energy expenditure in patients with colorectal cancer: associations with body composition, physical activity, and energy recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:367–76.

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqaa166 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 (2) ◽

pp. 451-451

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Total Energy Expenditure

Download Full-text

Interrelationship between fasting evaluation of insulin sensitivity, body composition, physical activity and total energy expenditure in obese males

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.70.aep496 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adriana Kauffmann ◽

Davide Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Total Energy Expenditure

Download Full-text

Total energy expenditure in patients with colorectal cancer: associations with body composition, physical activity, and energy recommendations

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz112 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 367-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sarah A Purcell ◽

Sarah A Elliott ◽

Peter J Walter ◽

Tom Preston ◽

Hongyi Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Residual Activity ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fat Free Mass

ABSTRACT Background Total energy expenditure (TEE) data in patients with early-stage cancer are scarce, precluding an understanding of energy requirements. Objective The objective was to cross-sectionally characterize TEE in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to compare measured TEE with energy recommendations. It was hypothesized that TEE would differ according to body mass, body composition, and physical activity level (PAL) and current energy recommendations would have poor individual-level accuracy. Methods Patients with newly diagnosed CRC had resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by indirect calorimetry and TEE by doubly labeled water. Hypermetabolism was defined as REE > 110% of that predicted from the Mifflin St.-Jeor equation. Body composition was assessed via DXA. Physical activity was determined as the ratio of TEE to REE (TEE:REE) (PAL) and residual activity energy expenditure (RAEE). TEE was compared with energy recommendations of 25–30 kcal/d and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using Bland–Altman analyses. Patients were stratified according to median BMI, PAL, and sex-specific ratio of fat mass (FM) to fat-free mass (FFM). Results Twenty-one patients (M:F 14:7; mean ± SD BMI: 28.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2, age: 57 ± 12 y) were included. Most (n = 20) had stage II–III disease; 1 had stage IV. Approximately half (n = 11) were hypermetabolic; TEE was not different in those with hypermetabolism and REE as a percentage of predicted was not correlated with TEE. Mean ± SD TEE was 2473 ± 499 kcal/d (range: 1562–3622 kcal/d), or 29.7 ± 6.3 kcal/kg body weight (range: 20.4–48.5 kcal/kg body weight). Mean ± SD PAL was 1.43 ± 0.27. The energy recommendation of 25 kcal/kg underestimated TEE (−12.6% ± 16.5%, P = 0.002); all energy recommendations had wide limits of agreement (the smallest was DRI with measured PAL: −21.2% to 29.3%). Patients with higher BMI and FM:FFM had higher bias using kilocalories per kilogram recommendations; bias from several recommendations was frequently lower (i.e. underestimation) in patients with higher PAL and RAEE. Conclusions TEE variability was not reflected in energy recommendations and error was related to body weight, body composition, and physical activity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03131921.

Download Full-text

Determination of total energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and physical activity in lean and overweight people

Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft ◽

10.1007/bf01617805 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 310-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. Thielecke ◽

J. Möseneder ◽

A. Kroke ◽

K. Klipstein-Grobusch ◽

H. Boeing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Total Energy ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Overweight People

Download Full-text

Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity Measured with the Bicarbonate-Urea Method in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0910241 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 241-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

N. I. J. Paton ◽

M. Elia ◽

S. A. Jebb ◽

G. Jennings ◽

D. C. MacAllan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Activity Level ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Urea Method ◽

Resting Energy

1. Our objectives were to measure total energy expenditure, the daily variation in total energy expenditure and the physical activity level in a group of HIV-positive subjects using the bicarbonate-urea method. The study also aimed to assess the practicalities of using the bicarbonate-urea technique in free-living conditions. 2. Total energy expenditure was measured with the bicarbonate-urea method over 2 consecutive days (1 day in one subject) in 10 male patients with HIV infection (median CD4 count = 30). Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Physical activity level (total energy expenditure/resting energy expenditure) was calculated from these measurements and from activity diaries. 3. Resting energy expenditure was found to be 7.46 ± 0.87 MJ/day, 5% higher than predicted values. Total energy expenditure was 10.69 ± 1.95 MJ/day with an intra-individual day-to-day variation of 6 ± 6%. The measured physical activity level was 1.42 ± 0.14, higher than the diary estimate of 1.34 ± 0.16 (P = 0.029), and there were large inter-method differences in individual values. The subcutaneous infusion of bicarbonate was well tolerated and did not seem to restrict normal activities. 4. Total energy expenditure was not elevated in the group of HIV-positive subjects when compared with reference values for normal subjects. The physical activity level of the patients in this study was lower than that measured using other techniques in healthy young men, but was compatible with that expected for people leading a sedentary lifestyle. Reductions in physical activity in patients with HIV are likely to contribute to the wasting process and physical activity level may thus be a clinically useful measure. This study has also provided the first tracer estimate of the day-to-day variation in total energy expenditure. The bicarbonate-urea method represents an important new investigative tool for measuring total energy expenditure which has previously only been possible within the confines of a whole-body calorimeter or using the expensive doubly labelled water method.

Download Full-text