scholarly journals Small vessels in the brain and heart: How similar are they?

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (S9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Hortobagyi
Keyword(s):  
Small Vessels ◽  
The Brain

The topography, structure and incidence of mineralized bodies in the basal ganglia of the brain of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Wadsworth ◽  
H. B. Jones ◽  
J. B. Cavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Optic Chiasma ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Mammillary Bodies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Brain

Whole coronal slices from 6 levels of the brain of 16 cynomolgus monkeys (8 control and 8 treated by daily gavage with a novel pharmaceutical agent for one year) were examined histologically. Mineralized bodies were identified only in coronal sections passing through the optic chiasma and mammillary bodies. Identical mineralized structures were present in the basal ganglia of both control and treated animals. The majority were seen in the globus pallidus, occasionally in the putamen and once in the nearby caudate nucleus. These structures were partially ferruginated and also partially calcified. They appeared to arise in relation to small vessels. They are part of the naturally occurring background pathology of several species of non-human primates and the incidence in this study (3/8 control and 5/8 treated) was approximately what might be expected from reports in the literature. Mineralized bodies of the basal ganglia of primates represent a spontaneous lesion with a characteristic distribution. They may cause confusion in interpretation of toxicological studies if their natural occurrence is not appreciated.

scholarly journals Intravascular lymphomatosis of central nervious system - case report

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Jovic ◽  
Marko Ercegovac ◽  
Branko Dozic ◽  
Dubravka Cvetkovic ◽  
Miroslava Zivkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Course ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Intravascular Lymphomatosis ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
The Brain

Intravascular lymphomatosis is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder characterised by intravascular distribution of neoplastic lymphoid cells (B- or T- lymphocites), what leads to occlusion of small vessels and causes signs and simptoms of disorder. Its initial predilection sites are the brain or the skin, and hematopoetic organs are usually spared. The signs and symptoms of the disorder are attributed to vascular occlusion. Clinical course is fatal, besides therapy. In our case disorder has started with partial epileptic seizures with secondary generalisation, and after that with motor aphasia, right hemi paresis, urinary incontinence and cognitive changes. She was hospitalized for several times, completely investigated, but with no conclusion. Seven months after appearance of symptoms, she died. And diagnosis was determined at autopsy. A myriad of neurological and systemic manifestations are putting us in an unequal position with this fatal disease. Early diagnosis can increase survival and decrease intensity of symptoms. So every new case is important as warning that we must not forget about this disease.

Meningioangiomatosis of the brain stem

1994 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros S. Kollias ◽  
Kerry R. Crone ◽  
William S. Ball ◽  
Erin C. Prenger ◽  
Edgar T. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Facial Weakness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Firm Mass

✓ The case is reported of meningioangiomatosis of the brain stem in a 3½-year-old girl who suffered from vomiting, left facial weakness, difficulty in swallowing, and ataxia. This is believed to be the first reported case of meningioangiomatosis in the brain stem. Computerized tomography showed an intensely enhancing hyperdense mass in the left restiform body. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the lesion was isointense to gray matter on the T1-weighted image and hypointense on the T2-weighted image, with a surrounding zone of high T2 signal and intense enhancement. Angiography was normal. Surgical exploration demonstrated an intramedullary firm mass that was partially resected. Histologically, the mass consisted of a low-grade lesion of meningeal origin with spindle cells in a whorling pattern that were occasionally focused around small vessels. On 2-year follow-up imaging, the lesion remains unchanged in size. Certain particularities of this lesion are discussed in the context of the literature.

scholarly journals Venous discirculation and cognitive impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
M.M. Oros ◽  
M.M. Oros Jr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Capillary Walls ◽  
Venous Wall

This article considers the aging impact on the functional and structural integrity of venous cerebral circulation from the standpoint of potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. It was reported about venous collagenosis in the brain with apparent leukoaraiosis that demonstrates the participation of pathological re-structure of the venous wall in impairment of white matter both in natural aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. It is likely that due to an age-related decrease in elasticity, the internal jugular vein loses its compensatory ability to increase transmural pressure and therefore results in venous hypertension in the cerebral venous system. Diosminum increases the tone of venous and lymphatic vessels, decreases venous and lymphatic stasis, strengthens the capillary walls and reduces their permeability, has anti-inflammatory, antiedemic, and analgesic effects, improves microcirculation and tissue trophicity, prevents thrombosis. Hesperidin strengthens the walls of small vessels that reduces their permeability and therefore decreases the edemas.

scholarly journals The SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Lampe ◽  
Jan Wenzel ◽  
Helge Müller-Fielitz ◽  
Kristin Müller ◽  
Raphael Schuster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Microvascular Pathology ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients are partially due to damage to small vessels. However, the potential mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells express SARS-CoV-2 receptors. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) cleaves NEMO, the essential modulator of NF-κB signaling. By ablating NEMO, Mpro induces the death of human brain endothelial cells and a microvascular pathology in mice that is similar to what we find in the brain of COVID-19 patients. Importantly, the inhibition of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3, a mediator of regulated cell death, blocks the vessel rarefaction and disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to NEMO ablation. Our data suggest RIPK as a therapeutic target to treat the neuropathology of COVID-19.

Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in cerebral circulation: large arteries vs. microcirculation

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (4) ◽  
pp. H1038-H1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Faraci
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Large Arteries ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Relaxing Factor ◽  
Basal Tone ◽  
Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor ◽  
The Brain

This study examined the hypothesis that formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in the brain has a greater influence on basal tone in large arteries than arterioles. Diameters of the basilar artery and its branches and of arterioles on the cerebrum were measured through cranial windows in anesthetized rats. Under control conditions, topical application of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), which inhibits formation of EDRF or nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine, produced concentration-related constriction that was dependent on initial vessel diameter. Large arteries [diameter = 275 +/- 10 microns (mean +/- SE)] constricted by 10.4 +/- 0.8% in response to 10(-5) M L-NMMA. In contrast, arterioles (62 +/- 6 microns) constricted by only 3.7 +/- 0.6% (P less than 0.01 vs. large arteries), regardless of brain region. U-46619 produced similar constriction of large arteries and arterioles, which indicates that reduced responses to L-NMMA in arterioles is not due to impaired constrictor capacity. Sodium nitroprusside produced similar dilatation of large arteries and arterioles, which suggests that activity of guanylate cyclase is not reduced in small vessels. Dilator responses of large arteries and arterioles to acetylcholine, but not nitroprusside, were inhibited by L-NMMA. Thus synthesis of EDRF from L-arginine influences basal tone of cerebral blood vessels, and the effect is greatest in large arteries. In contrast, the role of EDRF or NO in mediating responses to acetylcholine in the cerebral circulation is similar in large arteries and the microcirculation.

Immunocytochemical evidence of lymphocytic derivation of neoplastic cells in malignant angioendotheliomatosis

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Craig Clark ◽  
F. Curtis Dohan ◽  
Timothy Moss ◽  
John B. Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis is a rare disorder usually characterized by primarily cutaneous or neurological symptoms. Approximately 40 cases of malignant angioendotheliomatosis with primary central nervous system (CNS) symptoms have been reported. Some investigators have postulated a hematopoietic origin for this neoplasm. Most of the literature, however, has perpetuated the idea that the often bizarre symptoms seen with this entity result from neoplastic endothelial cell proliferation within the small vessels of affected organs, including the brain and spinal cord. This report describes the immunohistochemical examination and confirmation of the cell of origin of this neoplasm based on five previously unpublished cases of malignant angioendotheliomatosis with primarily CNS symptoms. It includes the first documentation of a T-cell lymphoma presenting as malignant angioendotheliomatosis. All cases include autopsy findings, and in four cases the diagnosis was made postmortem. One case was proven by stereotactic biopsy, but the patient succumbed as a result of severe intracranial bleeding that occurred at the time of biopsy. Tissues were studied with avidin-biotin peroxidase immunohistochemical techniques using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against the leukocyte common antigen, LN-1, LN-2, and anti-Factor VIII, and also using Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1. Based on the results obtained, the authors conclude that the proliferative cells seen within the vessel lumina are of lymphocytic origin and agree that the condition should more properly be designated intravascular lymphomatosis. The therapeutic implications of this conclusion point to the possible administration of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in an effort to achieve remissions in an otherwise relentlessly progressive neurological disorder.

Segmental Vascular Resistance after Mild Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in the Rat

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke M. Golding ◽  
Claudia S. Robertson ◽  
Jane C. K. Fitch ◽  
J. Clay Goodman ◽  
Robert M. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Controlled Cortical Impact ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Cranial Window ◽  
Window Technique ◽  
Pial Arterioles ◽  
Controlled Cortical Impact Injury ◽  
Cortical Impact ◽  
Impact Injury ◽  
The Brain

In an effort to localize the site at which increased resistance occurs after brain trauma, pial arteriole diameter and pressure were assessed after mild controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in rats using an open cranial window technique. The authors tested the hypothesis that an increase in resistance accompanied by vasoconstriction occurs at the level of the pial arterioles within the injured cortex of the brain. At 1 hour after mild CCI injury, ipsilateral cerebral blood flow was significantly reduced by 42% compared with sham injury (n = 4; P < 0.05). Pial arteriole diameter and pressure remained unchanged. Resistance in the larger arteries (proximal resistance), however, was significantly greater after CCI injury (1.87 ± 0.26 mm Hg/[mL · 100 g · min]) compared with sham injury (0.91 ± 0.21 mm Hg/[mL · 100 g ·min]; P < 0.0001). Resistance in small vessels, arterioles, and venules (distal resistance) was also significantly greater after CCI injury (1.13 ± 0.05 mm Hg/[mL · 100 g · min]) compared with sham injury (0.74 ± 0.13 mm Hg/[mL · 100 g · min]; P = 0.0001). The authors conclude that, at 1 hour after mild CCI injury, changes in vascular resistance comprise a 53% increase in the resistance distal to the area of injury and, surprisingly, a 105% increase in resistance in the arteries proximal to the injury site.

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS AGAINST HYPOXIA IN DIVING SIMULATION IN SWIMMERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
E Podyacheva ◽  
T Zemlianukhina ◽  
E Simanovsky ◽  
E Fedorova ◽  
T Baranova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Aim. The article deals with studying the systemic protective mechanisms of the brain against hypoxia during water immersion in highly skilled swimmers. Material and methods. 25 males aged 18–20 years were examined: 9 masters of sports, one master of sports of international class and 15 people not involved in sports. The study of cerebral blood flow was carried out by rheoencephalography (REG). REG was recorded at rest, when the face was immersed in water and during recovery. Examination was carried out 2 hours after the morning training session. In addition to cerebral blood flow, ECG and blood pressure were recorded at rest, during water immersion and recovery. Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon criteria. Results. It was revealed that athletes at rest demonstrated more pronounced asymmetry of blood circulation and higher blood flow in the right hemisphere than people not involved in sports. However, during water immersion, the asymmetry disappears, blood flow improves, especially in the left hemisphere in the carotid artery territory as a result of a decrease in the tone of small vessels. In people not involved in sports, protective mechanisms are less pronounced. Conclusion. Vast experience in sports activities related to exercises performed in water and to training hypoxic exercises contributed to effective protective mechanisms against hypoxia based on the diving reflex.

scholarly journals Advances in our Understanding of the Pathophysiology, Detection and Management of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio M Pontes-Neto ◽  
Eitan Auriel ◽  
Steven M Greenberg ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cerebral Amyloid ◽  
The Brain

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is pathologically defined as the deposition of amyloid protein, most commonly the amyloid β peptide (Aβ), primarily within the media and adventitia of small and medium-sized arteries of the leptomeninges, cerebral and cerebellar cortex. This deposition likely reflects an imbalance between Aβ production and clearance within the brain and leads to weakening of the overall structure of brain small vessels, predisposing patients tolobar intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), brain ischaemia and cognitive decline. CAA is associated with markers of small vessel disease, like lobar microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, it can be now be diagnosed during life with reasonable accuracy by clinical and neuroimaging criteria. Despite the lack of a specific treatment for this condition, the detection of CAA may help in the management of patients, regarding the prevention of major haemorrhagic complications and genetic counselling. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology, detection and management of CAA.

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