Intravascular lymphomatosis of central nervious system - case report

Intravascular lymphomatosis is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder characterised by intravascular distribution of neoplastic lymphoid cells (B- or T- lymphocites), what leads to occlusion of small vessels and causes signs and simptoms of disorder. Its initial predilection sites are the brain or the skin, and hematopoetic organs are usually spared. The signs and symptoms of the disorder are attributed to vascular occlusion. Clinical course is fatal, besides therapy. In our case disorder has started with partial epileptic seizures with secondary generalisation, and after that with motor aphasia, right hemi paresis, urinary incontinence and cognitive changes. She was hospitalized for several times, completely investigated, but with no conclusion. Seven months after appearance of symptoms, she died. And diagnosis was determined at autopsy. A myriad of neurological and systemic manifestations are putting us in an unequal position with this fatal disease. Early diagnosis can increase survival and decrease intensity of symptoms. So every new case is important as warning that we must not forget about this disease.

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TAMI-01. BRAIN METASTASES: CURRENT LITERATURE REVIEW

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noab196.785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽

pp. vi198-vi198

Author(s):

Ruchi Raval ◽

Aadi Pandya ◽

Jaspreet Behl ◽

Sumul Raval

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Brain Metastases ◽

Current Literature ◽

Anticoagulation Therapy ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

The Body ◽

Definitive Treatment ◽

Cognitive Changes ◽

Cancer Breast ◽

The Brain

Abstract PURPOSE As more information is gathered about brain metastases, it still remains that the current prognosis of brain metastases is very poor. Due to this, it is imperative that physicians are aware of the most important components regarding brain metastases. This literature review will encompass the most current literature in order to highlight the most crucial information. METHODS All mentioned studies and literature reviews cited in the paper were obtained through various sites, and were published between 1996 and 2017. The main components that were required from the papers reviewed included where in the body the brain metastases originated from, where in the brain they tended to spread to, what the signs and symptoms typical of patients with brain metastases are, and what the options are in terms of treatment. RESULTS Using the results from a variety of studies performed within the past three decades, it is apparent that brain metastases most commonly originate from, in order of increasing frequency, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. In addition, it is reaffirmed that the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best diagnostic tool to be used when dealing with brain metastases. The most frequent signs and symptoms of a brain metastases include cognitive changes, headaches, weakness, and seizures. Finally, supportive treatment includes use of corticosteroids, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and anticoagulation therapy. Definitive treatment for brain metastases varies based on size, location, and prevalence in the brain, but the most effective options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. CONCLUSIONS The study’s results confirm the need for more research to be done regarding brain metastases, and better options to increase the survival of patients.

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“Where is Dementia?” A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Neuroanatomical Aspects of Dementia

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/persp2.sig15.9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (15) ◽

pp. 9-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chorong Oh ◽

Leonard LaPointe

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Behavioral Symptoms ◽

Journal Articles ◽

People With Dementia ◽

Different Types ◽

Precise Diagnosis ◽

Physical Changes ◽

The Brain ◽

Language Literature

Dementia is a condition caused by and associated with separate physical changes in the brain. The signs and symptoms of dementia are very similar across the diverse types, and it is difficult to diagnose the category by behavioral symptoms alone. Diagnostic criteria have relied on a constellation of signs and symptoms, but it is critical to understand the neuroanatomical differences among the dementias for a more precise diagnosis and subsequent management. With this regard, this review aims to explore the neuroanatomical aspects of dementia to better understand the nature of distinctive subtypes, signs, and symptoms. This is a review of English language literature published from 1996 to the present day of peer-reviewed academic and medical journal articles that report on older people with dementia. This review examines typical neuroanatomical aspects of dementia and reinforces the importance of a thorough understanding of the neuroanatomical characteristics of the different types of dementia and the differential diagnosis of them.

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Complexity Measures of Brain Electrophysiological Activity

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000024 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 131-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Włodzimierz Klonowski ◽

Pawel Stepien ◽

Robert Stepien

Keyword(s):

Brain Activity ◽

Deterministic Chaos ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Eeg Signal ◽

Eeg Signals ◽

Complexity Measures ◽

Electrophysiological Activity ◽

Signal Complexity ◽

Physiological Sleep ◽

The Brain

Over 20 years ago, Watt and Hameroff (1987 ) suggested that consciousness may be described as a manifestation of deterministic chaos in the brain/mind. To analyze EEG-signal complexity, we used Higuchi’s fractal dimension in time domain and symbolic analysis methods. Our results of analysis of EEG-signals under anesthesia, during physiological sleep, and during epileptic seizures lead to a conclusion similar to that of Watt and Hameroff: Brain activity, measured by complexity of the EEG-signal, diminishes (becomes less chaotic) when consciousness is being “switched off”. So, consciousness may be described as a manifestation of deterministic chaos in the brain/mind.

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Automated System for Epileptic Seizures Prediction based on Multi-Channel Recordings of Electrical Brain Activity

Information and Control Systems ◽

10.31799/1684-8853-2018-4-115-122 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 115-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. A. Maksimenko ◽

A. A. Harchenko ◽

A. Lüttjohann

Keyword(s):

Epileptic Seizure ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Automated System ◽

Brain Computer Interfaces ◽

Electrical Brain Activity ◽

Computer Interfaces ◽

Prediction And Prevention ◽

The Brain

Introduction: Now the great interest in studying the brain activity based on detection of oscillatory patterns on the recorded data of electrical neuronal activity (electroencephalograms) is associated with the possibility of developing brain-computer interfaces. Braincomputer interfaces are based on the real-time detection of characteristic patterns on electroencephalograms and their transformation into commands for controlling external devices. One of the important areas of the brain-computer interfaces application is the control of the pathological activity of the brain. This is in demand for epilepsy patients, who do not respond to drug treatment.Purpose: A technique for detecting the characteristic patterns of neural activity preceding the occurrence of epileptic seizures.Results:Using multi-channel electroencephalograms, we consider the dynamics of thalamo-cortical brain network, preceded the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. We have developed technique which allows to predict the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. The technique has been implemented in a brain-computer interface, which has been tested in-vivo on the animal model of absence epilepsy.Practical relevance:The results of our study demonstrate the possibility of epileptic seizures prediction based on multichannel electroencephalograms. The obtained results can be used in the development of neurointerfaces for the prediction and prevention of seizures of various types of epilepsy in humans.

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The topography, structure and incidence of mineralized bodies in the basal ganglia of the brain of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367795781088360 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 276-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. F. Wadsworth ◽

H. B. Jones ◽

J. B. Cavanagh

Keyword(s):

Basal Ganglia ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Optic Chiasma ◽

Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽

Small Vessels ◽

Mammillary Bodies ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

One Year ◽

The Brain

Whole coronal slices from 6 levels of the brain of 16 cynomolgus monkeys (8 control and 8 treated by daily gavage with a novel pharmaceutical agent for one year) were examined histologically. Mineralized bodies were identified only in coronal sections passing through the optic chiasma and mammillary bodies. Identical mineralized structures were present in the basal ganglia of both control and treated animals. The majority were seen in the globus pallidus, occasionally in the putamen and once in the nearby caudate nucleus. These structures were partially ferruginated and also partially calcified. They appeared to arise in relation to small vessels. They are part of the naturally occurring background pathology of several species of non-human primates and the incidence in this study (3/8 control and 5/8 treated) was approximately what might be expected from reports in the literature. Mineralized bodies of the basal ganglia of primates represent a spontaneous lesion with a characteristic distribution. They may cause confusion in interpretation of toxicological studies if their natural occurrence is not appreciated.

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Microvascular patch technique with and without Silastic T-tube bypass

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1984.60.2.0287 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 287-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter C. Haines ◽

R. M. Peardon Donaghy

Keyword(s):

Foreign Body ◽

Suture Material ◽

Vascular Occlusion ◽

Current Data ◽

Content Type ◽

Small Vessels ◽

T Tube ◽

Patch Closure ◽

Patch Technique ◽

Fine Print

✓ Poor patency results in the surgery of small vessels operated on between 1959 to 1964 was demonstrated to be in part due to the long period of occlusion of the operated vessel during surgery and the presence of a foreign body (suture) in the lumen of the vessel postoperatively. New suture techniques and T-tube bypass were introduced at that time. New experimental data have not been extensively sought since that time. To provide further current data regarding the above observations, 110 arterial vessels (60 carotid arteries 1.1 to 1.3 mm in outside diameter (OD) and 50 femoral arteries 0.6 to 0.7 mm OD) were operated on in rats to compare the bypass versus non-bypass and vein patch closure techniques. In 1-mm vessels, patency rates 1 month after surgery were 100% regardless of the use of bypass or type of closure. Improved visualization, better suture material, and improved surgical skill were probably chiefly responsible for this success. The success rate was not as encouraging, however, in vessels of 0.6 mm OD. The following points are brought out: 1) The presence of the bypass causes damage to the intima in 0.6 mm OD vessels and should not be used. Smaller bypasses do not conduct blood well. 2) Bypass is not required in 1-mm vessels as the patency rate is satisfactory and not altered by its use. 3) The major indication for T-tube bypass is in vessels of 1 mm OD and larger, that nourish tissue which would be damaged by vascular occlusion for 20 to 40 minutes. 4) Foreign body (suture) in the lumen is poorly tolerated in 0.6 mm vessels, but can be tolerated more easily in larger vessels. 5) Techniques that limit the amount of suture material in the lumen are indicated in 0.6-mm vessels. 6) After 1 month, suture material has an epithelial covering and if patency has been maintained for that period of time it is likely to remain.

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SUBDURAL FLUID AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.5.3.375 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 375-389

Author(s):

HONOR V. SMITH ◽

BRONSON CROTHERS

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Subdural Hematoma ◽

Cerebral Atrophy ◽

Mental Deficiency ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Brain Lesions ◽

Subdural Space ◽

Suitable Treatment ◽

Superior Longitudinal Sinus ◽

The Brain

When lumbar or cisternal pneumoencephalography is carried out on children with nonprogressive brain lesions causing mental deficiency, cerebral palsy or epilepsy, air is seen in the subdural space in at least a third of cases. This proportion is much larger in children 2 years of age or under. The roentgenographic appearances of subdural air are described and the importance of not attributing these appearances to cerebral atrophy or hypoplasia is emphasized. In approximately one third of cases in which air enters the subdural space, that is, in from 10% to 15% of all cases, recovery from pneumoencephalography is delayed by the development of signs and symptoms suggesting a rise in intracranial pressure. In such cases fluid can usually be found by needling the subdural space. Typically this fluid is characteristic of that found in subdural hematoma. There is no evidence that such a collection of fluid was present before pneumoencephalography. It is therefore suggested that as air enters the subdural space and the brain falls away from the dura, vessels may be torn as they cross this space to reach the superior longitudinal sinus, with the formation of what may be termed subdural hematoma artefacta. Although the incidence of this complication is moderately high, its effects are seldom serious, provided the situation is appreciated and suitable treatment given. The length of time the child spends in the hospital is, however, often greatly prolonged and occasionally operation proves necessary for removal of a subdural membrane. Since the subdural hematoma is an artefact occurring in the course of treatment, its removal does not influence the ultimate prognosis.

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Lyme Disease: Acute Focal Meningoencephalitis in a Child

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.82.6.931 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 931-934

Author(s):

HENRY M. FEDER ◽

EDWIN L. ZALNERAITIS ◽

LOUIS REIK

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Case Report ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Brain Parenchyma ◽

Tick Bite ◽

System Involvement ◽

History Of ◽

Csf Pleocytosis ◽

The Brain

Nervous system involvement in Lyme disease was originally described as meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis,1-3 but Lyme disease can also involve the brain parenchyma. We describe a child whose first manifestation of Lyme disease was an acute, focal meningoencephalitis with signs and symptoms such as fever, headache, slurred speech, hemiparesis, seizure, and CSF pleocytosis. CASE REPORT A 7-year-old boy was hospitalized Aug 27, 1985, because of hemiparesis. Six weeks prior to admission he had vacationed at Old Lyme, CT. There was no history of rash or tick bite. He had been well until eight hours prior to admission when fever and headache developed.

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Epilepsy and Related Disorders

10.2310/neuro.1244 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Dworetzky ◽

Jong Woo Lee

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Generic Drugs ◽

Sudden Change ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Quality Measures ◽

The Elderly ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Nonepileptic Seizures ◽

Infancy And Early Childhood ◽

The Brain

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 10 tables, and 33 references. Key Words: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

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IRIDOCYCLITIS IN JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.44.1.92 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 92-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jane Schaller ◽

Carl Kupfer ◽

Ralph J. Wedgwood

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Slit Lamp ◽

Patients At Risk ◽

Eye Involvement ◽

Eye Examination ◽

Systemic Manifestations ◽

Polyarticular Disease

Eight of 70 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have developed iridocyclitis. This complication occurred more frequently in patients with monoarticular and pauciarticular disease (29%) than in patients with polyarticular disease (2%). Seven of eight patients with iridocyclitis have monoarticular or pauciarticular disease; none has had prominent systemic manifestations or evidence of ankylosing spondylitis. Iridocyclitis preceded joint manifestations in two of the patients and followed arthritis by 1 to 10 years in six of the patients. Activity of iridocyclitis and arthritis seemed unrelated; four patients developed iridocyclitis while arthritis was inactive. In seven children iridocyclitis began insidiously without acute symptoms. Eye involvement has remained unilateral in six patients. Six children have had significant decrease in visual acuity, and six continue to have active ocular inflammation despite therapy. Iridocyclitis is potentially a major cause of disability in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Early signs and symptoms may be minimal. Patients at risk are those with limited forms of joint disease. Early detection and therapy are crucial for prevention of permanent ocular damage. Careful eye examination should be a routine part of physical examination of children with rheumatoid arthritis, and periodic slit lamp examinations should be performed even when arthritis is in remission.

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