scholarly journals On the relation of the body length to the body weight and to the weight of the brain and of the spinal cord in the albino rat (mus norvegicus Var. albus)

1909 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
The Brain

Nondestructive imaging of the internal microstructure of vessels and nerve fibers in rat spinal cord using phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhong Hu ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Xianzhen Yin ◽  
Tianding Wu ◽  
Yong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Nondestructive Imaging ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography ◽  
The Brain

The spinal cord is the primary neurological link between the brain and other parts of the body, but unlike those of the brain, advances in spinal cord imaging have been challenged by the more complicated and inhomogeneous anatomy of the spine. Fortunately with the advancement of high technology, phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography has become widespread in scientific research because of its ability to generate high-quality and high-resolution images. In this study, this method has been employed for nondestructive imaging of the internal microstructure of rat spinal cord. Furthermore, digital virtual slices based on phase-contrast synchrotron radiation were compared with conventional histological sections. The three-dimensional internal microstructure of the intramedullary arteries and nerve fibers was vividly detected within the same spinal cord specimen without the application of a stain or contrast agent or sectioning. With the aid of image post-processing, an optimization of vessel and nerve fiber images was obtained. The findings indicated that phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography is unique in the field of three-dimensional imaging and sets novel standards for pathophysiological investigations in various neurovascular diseases.

Effect of Clomiphene Citrate and Letrozole on Body Weight of female Albino Rat for Consecutive 1-4 Estrous Cycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2938-2941
Author(s):  
Fauzia Qureshi ◽  
Syeda Rizwana Jafri ◽  
Hafiza Sadia Ahmad ◽  
Uzma Waseem ◽  
Ursula Akif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Ovulation Induction ◽  
Clomiphene Citrate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in women with infertility has been practiced more than 40% years but in infertile patients this treatment plan proved to be ineffective with multiple complication. Body weight plays an important role modulating reproductive development and functioning. Aim: To observe the effects on body weight of female albino rat after use of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for consecutive 1-4 estrous cycles Method: Eighty four adult female Albino rats were equally divided into three groups for this research. Body weight of each rat was measured before and after the experiment. Vaginal smear cytology of each rat was performed to study different phases of estrous cycle. Control group A was given normal saline orally , In Experimental group B rats were given letrozole (Femara) at dose 5mg/kg orally and in Experimental group C rats were given clomiphene citrate at dose 100ug/kg orally. Results: Significant weight gain is observed in rats taking clomiphene citrate as compared to letrozole Conclusion : Comiphene citrate directly affects the body weight which indirectly reduces the ovulation induction and pregnancy rate. Letrozole is good alternate for ovulation induction and for CC resistant patients. Keywords: Estrous cycle, body weight, citrate and letrozole

Comparison of the Motor Effects of Individual Vestibulo- and Reticulospinal Neurons on Dorsal and Ventral Myotomes in Lamprey

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 3161-3167 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Zelenin ◽  
E. L. Pavlova ◽  
S. Grillner ◽  
G. N. Orlovsky ◽  
T. G. Deliagina
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Motoneurons ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Motor Synergies ◽  
Spike Triggered Averaging ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
Motor Effects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rostral Part

In the lamprey (a lower vertebrate), motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord are transmitted through the reticulospinal (RS) and vestibulospinal (VS) pathways. The axons of larger RS neurons reach the most caudal of approximately 100 spinal segments, whereas the VS pathway does not descend below the 15th segment. This study was carried out to compare functional projections of RS and VS neurons in the rostral spinal segments that the neurons innervate together. To reveal these projections, individual RS or VS neurons were stimulated, and the responses of different groups of spinal motoneurons were recorded in ventral root branches to dorsal and ventral parts of myotomes. The responses were detected using a spike-triggered averaging technique on the background of ongoing motoneuronal activity. Individual RS and VS neurons exerted uniform effects on segmental motor output within this rostral part of the spinal cord. The effects of VS neurons on different groups of motoneurons were weaker and less diverse than those of RS neurons. The results indicate that VS neurons are able to elicit a flexion of the rostral part of the body and to turn the head in different planes without affecting more caudal parts. By contrast, larger RS neurons can elicit head movement only together with movement of a considerable part of the body and thus seem to be responsible for formation of gross motor synergies.

scholarly journals Morphometrics and genetic diversity of Tegal, Magelang and their crossbred ducks based on Cytochrome b gene

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
H. Henrik ◽  
D. Purwantini ◽  
I. Ismoyowati
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Cytochrome B ◽  
Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chest Circumference ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cyt B Gene

This experiment was conducted to study the morphometric and genetic diversity of Tegal, Magelang, and their crossbred ducks. Each ten female about twenty weeks old ducks from Tegal, Magelang, Gallang, and Maggal ducks, respectively, were used as the group materialss. The body weight, chest circumference, body length, shank length, neck length, and pubis width were recorded and tested by analysis of variance of one way classification as the morphometric characteristics. Polymorphism of cytochrome b (cyt b) gene on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Genetic distance was analyzed based on value of heterozygosity, whereas the phylogeny tree was reconstructed using MEGA6 software. The results showed there were highly significant difference (P<0.01) on body weight, chest circumference, body length, and neck length between population, while shank and pubis width were not significant different. The genetic distance between Gallang and Maggal ducks (0.206) was higher than Tegal and Magelang ducks (0.169). It is concluded that the reciprocal crosses increased the morphometric and genetic diversity of Indonesian local duck population.

scholarly journals The growth and variability in the body weight of the albino rat

1915 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 751-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Dean King
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rat

scholarly journals Effect of novel phenothiazine derivatives on brain dopamine in Wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandravadivelu Gopi ◽  
Vedula Girija Sastry ◽  
Magharla Dasaratha Dhanaraju
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dopamine Level ◽  
Phenothiazine Derivatives ◽  
Brain Dopamine ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Double Beam ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Neurotransmitters are involved in several functions in the brain and the body of living things. Changes in the level of neurotransmitters in the brain are associated with several illnesses. Some of the drugs are controlling the neurotransmitter by adjusting the level in the brain and are exclusively used in the treatment of psychological disorders. The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of novel synthesised phenothiazine derivatives (GC1, GC2 and GC8) either alone (7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg, oral) or in combination with amphetamine on the experimental animals. Results Dopamine level in rat brain was estimated by a spectroscopic method using the UV-visible double beam spectrophotometer at 735 nm. The results revealed that these derivatives blocked the brain dopamine level significantly. The compound GC8 (15 mg/kg) significantly reduced the level of dopamine (0.151 ± 0.04, 0.284 ± 0.03) as similar to that of a standard drug. Furthermore, compounds GC2 (15 mg/kg) and GC1 (15 mg/kg) exhibited a varying level of dopamine inhibition level and have been found at 0.203 ± 0.06 μg/ml, 0.302 ± 0.04 μg/ml, 0.234 ± 0.02 μg/ml and 0.318 ± 0.07 μg/ml, respectively, after the administration of these derivatives either alone or in combination with amphetamine. Conclusions The study revealed that the compound 2-amino-6-(3-hydroxy-4-methyl phenyl) pyrimidine-4-yl) (7-chloro-10-(3- (N, N-dimethylamino) propyl)-10H-phenothiazine-3-yl) methanone (GC8, 15 mg/kg) extensively reduced the dopamine level. The order of dopamine-inhibiting effect of the selected compound was found to be GC8 > GC2 > GC1. The increased body weight and relative brain-body weight were also observed in the tested animals due to more intake of food and fluid retention. Graphical abstract

Morphometric differentiation of Moroccan indigenous Draa goat based on multivariate analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ibnelbachyr ◽  
I. Boujenane ◽  
A. Chikhi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Improvement Programs

SummaryThe Moroccan goat livestock is characterized by the existence of different phenotypes distributed among diverse geographic locations. The objective of this study was to analyse the morphometric traits that differentiate the Draa breed from the other local populations raised in areas close to its cradle zone. Eight morphometric measurements were taken on 287 goats in South-eastern and Southern Morocco. The variance analysis, fitting a model that included the random effect of animal and the fixed effects of population, gender and age of animal, was used. Mahalanobis distances were calculated between identified populations and an Unweighted Pairs Group Method Analysis tree was built. Draa goats had the highest height at withers (61.5 cm), heart girth (74.4 cm), body length (64.6 cm) and live body weight (27.2 kg). These morphometric traits varied significantly among populations as well as the age and the gender of animal. The most discriminating traits between the identified populations were the body length, the heart girth, the hair length, the horn length, the ear length and the live body weight. Draa animals had the largest genetic distances from the other populations and appeared more distinguished from them. This differentiation can contribute in defining the phenotypic standard of the breed and in orienting its genetic improvement programs in the future.

Prediction of body weights of Nellore sheep under field condition

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rani ◽  
B. Ekambaram ◽  
B. Punya Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Nellore Sheep

Data on 1350 Nellore sheep of 2, 4, 6 and 8-teeth age, reared under field conditions in 12 mandals of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh were utilized for development of prediction equations and study the phenotypic association among body measurements and body weights. The coefficients of correlation between body weight with the height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, hip width and body length were positive and high in magnitude in both males and females in majority of the age groups studied. Step-down regression equations were fitted to predict the body weight based on biometrical measurements at different ages. The height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, hip width and body length have contributed significantly to the expression of body weights at the majority of the ages studied. High coefficient of determination (R2) value was observed in males at 6 and 8-teeth age as 88 per cent, while in females 50 per cent at 2-teeth age.

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