The role of cognitive reserve on terminal decline: a cross-cohort analysis from two European studies: OCTO-Twin, Sweden, and Newcastle 85+, UK

Abstract BACKGROUND: Treatment of internal carotid ruptured blister aneurysms (IC-RBA) presents many challenges to neurosurgeons because of the high propensity for rebleeding during intervention. The role of a Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) in the treatment of this challenging aneurysm subtype remains undefined despite theoretical advantages. OBJECTIVE: To present a series of 11 patients treated with a PED and to discuss the management and results of this novel application of flow diverters. METHODS: Medical records of patients who presented with IC-RBA from May 2011 to March 2013 were retrospectively reviewed at 6 institutions in the United States. All relevant data were independently compiled. RESULTS: A total of 12 IC-RBAs in 11 patients were treated during the study period. Nine (75%) were treated with a single PED; 1 was treated with 2 PEDs; 1 was treated with coils and 1 PED; and 1 was treated with coils and 2 PEDs. Three (27%) had major perioperative complications: middle cerebral artery territory infarction, vision loss, and death. Seven patients demonstrated complete obliteration of the aneurysm in postoperative imaging. Early clinical outcomes were favorable (modified Rankin Scale score, 0–2) in all 10 survivors. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of using the PED to treat IC-RBA with fair initial results. The proper introduction and management of antiplatelet regimen are key for successful results. Bleeding complications related to dual antiplatelet therapy were similar to those in previous studies of stent-assisted coiling for the same population. Larger cohort analysis is needed to define the precise role of flow diverters in the treatment of IC-RBA.

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Motivation as a Mediator of the Relation Between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Performance

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/gby144 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 1199-1205

Author(s):

Fanny Vallet ◽

Nathalie Mella ◽

Andreas Ihle ◽

Marine Beaudoin ◽

Delphine Fagot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Life Span ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Cognitive Aging ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Global Measure ◽

Interindividual Differences

Abstract Objectives Interindividual differences in cognitive aging may be explained by differences in cognitive reserve (CR) that are built up across the life span. A plausible but underresearched mechanism for these differences is that CR helps compensating cognitive decline by enhancing motivation to cope with challenging cognitive situations. Theories of motivation on cognition suggest that perceived capacity and intrinsic motivation may be key mediators in this respect. Method In 506 older adults, we assessed CR proxies (education, occupation, leisure activities), motivation (perceived capacity, intrinsic motivation), and a global measure of cognitive functioning. Results Perceived capacity, but not intrinsic motivation, significantly mediated the relation between CR and cognitive performance. Discussion Complementary with neurobiological and cognitive processes, our results suggest a more comprehensive view of the role of motivational aspects built up across the life span in determining differences in cognitive performance in old age.

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Sleep Onset/Maintenance Difficulties and Cognitive Function in Nondemented Older Adults: The Role of Cognitive Reserve

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617711001901 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (03) ◽

pp. 461-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Molly E. Zimmerman ◽

Marcelo E. Bigal ◽

Mindy J. Katz ◽

Adam M. Brickman ◽

Richard B. Lipton

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Sleep Onset

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Introduction

Journal of European Studies ◽

10.1177/0047244118801204 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (3-4) ◽

pp. 215-222

Author(s):

Lenuta Giukin

Keyword(s):

Collective Memory ◽

European Studies ◽

Evolution Of Consciousness ◽

Republic Of Moldova ◽

Contemporary State ◽

State Education ◽

History Of ◽

Role Of Women ◽

The Republic

This introduction offers an overall framework for the eight articles in this issue of the Journal of European Studies, which focus on Romanian identity and consciousness. It looks at the general history of Romania and the Republic of Moldova to show the evolution of consciousness over a century, since the formation of ‘Great Romania’ in 1918 to the present day. Aspects such as collective memory, migration, the change in the role of women, the crisis of the contemporary state, education and religion, as well as an overall crisis of patriarchy within a globalized context are discussed based on the analysis offered by the authors in their articles.

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COGNITIVE AGING AND COGNITIVE RESERVE: POINT OF CONTACT

Успехи геронтологии ◽

10.34922/ae.2020.33.2.006 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 256-264

Author(s):

В. С. Мякотных ◽

А. П. Сиденкова ◽

Е. С. Остапчук ◽

И. А. Кулакова ◽

Н. А. Белых ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Aging ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Cognitive Disorders ◽

The Elderly ◽

Educational Process ◽

Special Role ◽

Age Related ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The One

Высокий риск когнитивных расстройств у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста заставляет, с одной стороны, искать их причины, с другой - возможности профилактики. В связи с этим в последние годы получило распространение понятие когнитивного резерва, подразумевающего совокупность количественных параметров головного мозга и его способности сохранять высокую функциональную активность в процессе старения и на фоне связанной с возрастом патологии головного мозга. Представленный в статье материал на основе обзора научной литературы освещает два основных момента, касающихся возможности сохранения когнитивного резерва, - гендерный и образовательный факторы. Указывается на разные возможности женщин и мужчин, связанные со структурными и функциональными особенностями ЦНС у представителей разного пола, и на особую роль поддерживаемого в течение всей жизни образовательного процесса. Обозначена авторская позиция о необходимости разделения понятий образования и образованности, то есть уровня общей культуры и создания удобного инструмента для определения последнего. Это, в свою очередь, помогло бы в разработке модели когнитивного резерва, нацеленной на предотвращение трансформации физиологического когнитивного старения в патологическое. The high risk of cognitive disorders in the elderly and senile age makes, on the one hand, to look for their causes, on the other - the possibility of prevention. In this regard, in recent years, the concept of cognitive reserve has become widespread, implying a set of quantitative parameters of the brain and its ability to maintain high functional activity in the process of aging and against the background of age-related brain pathology. The material presented in the article on the basis of the review of scientiﬁc literature highlights two main points concerning the possibility of preserving the cognitive reserve-gender and educational factors. It is pointed to the different opportunities of women and men associated with the structural and functional characteristics of the Central nervous system in representatives of different sexes and the special role of the educational process supported throughout life. The author’s position on the need to separate the concepts of education and the level of General culture, and the creation of a convenient tool for determining the latter is indicated. This, in turn, would help in the development of a cognitive reserve model aimed at preventing the transformation of physiological cognitive aging into pathological aging.

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Trends in Confidence in Institutions, 1973–2006

Social Trends in American Life ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691133317.003.0007 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Tom W. Smith

Keyword(s):

Cohort Analysis ◽

General Social Survey ◽

The State ◽

Demographic Model ◽

Contemporary Society ◽

Government Programs ◽

Social Survey ◽

Event Driven ◽

The Relationship

This chapter examines trends in institutional confidence measured by the General Social Survey between 1973 and 2006. It begins by considering the construct of institutional confidence and describing the items and scales used to measure it. After presenting overall levels of confidence in 13 institutions during this period, it examines trends in general confidence scales and in individual institutions. Cohort analysis helps to illuminate these trends. The chapter next investigates correlates of institutional confidence, including experiences with specific institutions, party-in-power effects, education, misanthropy, opinionation, and a general demographic model. It briefly considers the relationship between institutional confidence and support for government programs and political matters. It closes by assessing the state and role of institutional confidence in contemporary society, and both general and event-driven models of trends in confidence.

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