THE CYCLICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH EXPENDITURE IN CHINA

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1071-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Chen ◽  
Brett Inder ◽  
Paula Lorgelly ◽  
Bruce Hollingsworth
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Cyclical Behaviour

scholarly journals The nexus between health status and health expenditure, energy consumption and environmental pollution: Empirical evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC regions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mafizur Rahman ◽  
Khosrul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the betterment of health status, while also considering health expenditure, energy, and environmental issues. This paper examines the nexus between health status and health expenditure (both public and private), energy consumption and environmental pollution in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region.Methodology: We utilized the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, heterogeneous panel causality test, cross sectional dependence test, cointegration test and Pesaran cross sectional dependent (CADF) unit root test for obtaining estimated results from data over 16 years (2002-2017). Results: Our results authorize the cointegration among the variables used, where energy consumption, public and private health expenditure and economic growth have positive and statistically significant effects and environmental pollution has both negative and significant effects on the health status of these regions in the long-term, but no panel wise significant impact is found in the short-term. Two-way causal relationships between health status and environmental pollution, public and private health expenditure, economic growth and sanitation facilities, and a one-way causality running from energy consumption to health status are presented. Conclusions: The improved health status in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region needs to be protected by articulating the effective policies on both public and private health expenditures, environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth. The attained results are theoretically and empirically consistent, and have important policy implications in the health sector.

The dynamics of public and private health expenditure on health outcome in Southeast Asia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailender Singh ◽  
Muhammad Muazu Bala ◽  
Nishant Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Public And Private

Earnings in the Public and Private Sectors 1950—1975

1975 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J.H. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Affected Relative ◽  
Cyclical Behaviour ◽  
Relative Earnings ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Market Pressures

This article analyses the trend of earnings in the public and private sectors of the British economy from 1950 to 1975. It was found that public and private sector earnings moved closely together throughout the 1950s and 1960s but then diverged considerably in the early 1970s, with public sector earnings moving ahead of private sector earnings in an unprecedented fashion in 1974 and 1975; given the earlier stability in relative earnings, this movement might be temporary. There was a significant difference in the cyclical behaviour of the two series with public sector earnings generally increasing faster than private sector earnings during the downswing and vice versa during the upswing; this finding is consistent with the lesser exposure of the public sector to market pressures. Incomes policy does not appear to have affected relative earnings in any systematic way.

scholarly journals Healthcare financing in Egypt: a systematic literature review.

2022 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fasseeh ◽  
Baher ElEzbawy ◽  
Wessam Adly ◽  
Rawda ElShahawy ◽  
Mohsen George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Financing ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Google Search

Abstract Background The Egyptian healthcare system has multiple stakeholders, including a wide range of public and private healthcare providers and several financing agents. This study sheds light on the healthcare system’s financing mechanisms and the flow of funds in Egypt. It also explores the expected challenges facing the system with the upcoming changes. Methods We conducted a systematic review of relevant papers through the PubMed and Scopus search engines, in addition to searching gray literature through the ISPOR presentations database and the Google search engine. Articles related to Egypt’s healthcare system financing from 2009 to 2019 were chosen for full-text review. Data were aggregated to estimate budgets and financing routes. Results We analyzed the data of 56 out of 454 identified records. Governmental health expenditure represented approximately one-third of the total health expenditure (THE). Total health expenditure as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP) was almost stagnant in the last 12 years, with a median of 5.5%. The primary healthcare financing source is out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure, representing more than 60% of THE, followed by government spending through the Ministry of Finance, around 37% of THE. The pharmaceutical expenditure as a percent of THE ranged from 26.0 to 37.0%. Conclusions Although THE as an absolute number is increasing, total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP is declining. The Egyptian healthcare market is based mainly on OOP expenditures and the next period anticipates a shift toward more public spending after Universal Health Insurance gets implemented.

scholarly journals Health services utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures in public and private facilities in Pakistan: An empirical analysis of the 2013-14 OOP Health Expenditure Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faraz Khalid ◽  
Wajeeha Raza ◽  
David R. Hotchkiss ◽  
Rieza H. Soelaeman
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Services Utilization ◽  
Private Provider ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Services Utilization ◽  
Expenditure Survey

Abstract Background As low- and middle-income countries progress toward Universal Health Coverage, there is an increasing focus on measuring out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and health services utilization within countries. While there have been several reforms to improve health services coverage and financial protection in Pakistan, there is limited empirical research comparing OOP expenditure and health services utilization between public and private facilities and exploring their determinants, a knowledge gap addressed in this study. Methods We used data from 2013-14 OOP Health Expenditure Survey, a population-based household survey carried out for Pakistan’s National Health Accounts. The analysis included 7,969 encounters from 4,293 households. We conducted bivariate analyses to describe patterns of care utilization, estimated annualized expenditures by type and sector of care, and assessed expenditure composition. We used multivariable logistic regression modeling to identify factors associated with sector of care and generalized linear model (GLM) with log link and gamma distribution to identify determinants of OOP expenditures stratified by type of care (inpatient and outpatient). Results Most encounters (82.5%) were in the private sector and were for outpatient visits (85%). Several public-private differences were observed in annualized expenditures and expenditure components. Logistic regression results indicate males, wealthier individuals, Punjab and Sindh residents, and those in smaller households were more likely to access private outpatient care. In the inpatient model, rural residents were more likely to use a private provider, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa residents were less likely to use private care. GLM results indicate private sector inpatient expenditures were approximately PKR 6,660 (USD 61.8) higher than public sector expenditures, but no public-private differences were observed for outpatient expenditures. Several demographic factors were significantly associated with outpatient and inpatient expenditures. Of note, expenditures increased with increasing wealth, decreased with increasing household size, and differed by province and region. Conclusions This is the first study comprehensively investigating how healthcare utilization and OOP expenditures vary by sector, type of care, and socio-economic characteristics in Pakistan. The findings are expected to be particularly useful for the next phase of social health protection programs and supply side reforms, as they highlight sub-populations with higher OOP and private sector utilization.

scholarly journals The Nexus Between Health Status and Health Expenditure, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: Empirical Evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mafizur Rahman ◽  
Khosrul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private

Abstract Background: The prevailing COVID-19 pandemic made us deep concern for considering the betterment of health status along with health expenditure, energy, and environmental issues all over the world. This paper examines the nexus between health status and health expenditures (both public and private), energy consumption and environmental pollution in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region.Methodology: We have utilized the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, heterogeneous panel causality test, cross sectional dependence test, cointegration test and Pesaran cross sectional dependent (CADF) unit root test for obtaining estimated results from the data of 16 years (2002-2017). Results: The acquired results authorize the cointegration among the variables used, where energy consumption, public and private health expenditure and economic growth have positive and statistically significant effects and environmental pollution has both negative and significant effects on the health status of these regions in the long-run, but no panel wise significant impact is found in the short-run. Two-way causal relationships between health status and environmental pollution, public and private health expenditure, economic growth and sanitation facilities, and a one-way causality running from energy consumption to health status are revealed.Conclusions: The improved health status in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region required to be protected by articulating the effective policies on both public and private health expenditures, environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth. The attained results are theoretically and empirically consistent, and have important policy implications in the health sector.JEL codes: I10, I15, I18, C23

Democracy, political freedom and health expenditures: evidence from Eastern Mediterranean countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kazemi Karyani ◽  
Enayatollah Homaie Rad ◽  
Abolghasem Pourreza ◽  
Faramarz Shaahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – Health can be influenced by many factors. One of the factors is the political context of the country and democracy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of freedom in press and polity index in overall, public, private and out of pocket health expenditures. Design/methodology/approach – A long-term panel data approach has been used to examine the relationship between democracy and health expenditures. The authors inserted polity and freedom into press indexes in the health expenditure model. Findings – Increase in freedom of the press and democracy will increase the overall, public and private health expenditures while they decrease out of pocket health expenditures. Originality/value – Polity and freedom index has a significant impact on all the health expenditure models.

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