scholarly journals Effects of pipe outlet blocking on hydrological functioning in a degraded blanket peatland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Regensburg ◽  
P. J. Chapman ◽  
M. Pilkington ◽  
D. Chandler ◽  
M. G. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Outlet ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Analysis of crystallite size changes in a hematite and magnetite formed on steel used in the power idustry

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Monika Gwoździk
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Diffraction Line Profile ◽  
Crystallite Sizes ◽  
Scherrer Formula ◽  
Pipe Outlet

The paper presents results of studies on the crystallite sizes of oxide layer formed during a long-term operation on 10CrMo9-10 steel at an elevated temperature (T = 545° C, t = 200,000 h). This value was determined by a method based on analysis of the diffraction line profile, according to a Scherrer formula. The oxide layer was studied on a surface and a cross-section at the outer and inner site on the pipe outlet, at the fire and counter-fire wall of the tube. X-ray studies were carried out on the surface of a tube, then the layer’s surface was polished and the diffraction measurements repeated to reveal differences in the originated oxides layer.

scholarly journals Estimating evaporation from a wet grassland

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Gasca-Tucker ◽  
M. C. Acreman ◽  
C. T. Agnew ◽  
J. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Eddy Correlation ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Wet Grassland ◽  
Wet Grasslands ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Abstract. Wet grasslands are being restored across the UK and Europe to reinstate their high biodiversity following over 50 years of drainage and conversion to arable agriculture. The water balance of many wet grasslands is dominated by precipitation and evaporation and it is essential to quantify evaporation rates to understand the hydrological functioning of wetlands and the implications for water resources in catchments where wetlands are being restored. This paper considers data from direct measurements of evaporation from the Pevensey Levels wet grassland using the eddy correlation method. Equations are derived to predict actual evaporation using meteorological data on the site or from standard meteorological station observations. It was found that evaporation could be estimated reliably from meteorological variables, such as wind speed, temperature and humidity and by water availability. It was also found that when water availability is high, evaporation is high and may exceed reference evaporation values, raising questions over the deployment of the two-step Penman-Monteith model unless reliable crop coefficients and relative evaporation figures can be determined.

Improved Sewer and Drain Pipe Outlet

1891 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 178-178
Keyword(s):  
Drain Pipe ◽  
Pipe Outlet

Development of Stilling Basin Model at Zero Depth of Pipe Outlet to Basin Floor: An Advanced Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
H. L. Tiwari ◽  
M. S. Hora
Keyword(s):  
Stilling Basin ◽  
Basin Floor ◽  
Pipe Outlet

Controlling sulfide generation in force mains by air injection

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takatoshi Ochi ◽  
Mitsuo Kitagawa ◽  
Syuji Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Oxygen Balance ◽  
Experimental Facility ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Pipe Outlet

Air injection into force mains has been used to control sulfide generation. However, the design criteria have not been clearly established. In this study, the minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) required to prevent sulfide generation, and the oxygen balance in the force mains were investigated using an experimental facility. Air injection completely eliminated sulfide presence at the pipe outlet when DO at the pipe end was 0.2 mg/l or higher. Reaeration from gaseous phase to wastewater was affected by sewage flow velocity and oxygen concentration in the gaseous phase. Oxygen consumption rate in bulk water (Rr) ranged widely from 3 to 18 mg/l.h. Oxygen consumption rate in biofilm (Re) was measured using a rotating reactor. Re seemed to increase in proportion to the square root of DO.

scholarly journals Hydrological functioning of cattle ranching impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands of Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1596-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio N. Magliano ◽  
David Mindham ◽  
Wlodek Tych ◽  
Francisco Murray ◽  
Marcelo D. Nosetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Cattle Ranching ◽  
Systems Modelling ◽  
Controlling Variables ◽  
Infiltration Excess ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Abstract Rainwater harvesting and associated storage is essential for cattle ranching in the drylands of Argentina and elsewhere. This is the first study to attempt to quantify the hydrological inflows and losses from rainwater harvesting impoundments. To address the direct effect of cattle within impoundments, a typical cattle-affected impoundment was instrumented and compared with that of a similar impoundment but without cattle access. Analysis of the storage dynamics with reference to the controlling variables demonstrated the highly episodic nature of the generation of infiltration-excess overland flow that recharged the impoundments. The impoundments experienced 43 and 35% of storage loss to open-water-evaporation for the cattle-affected and control impoundments, respectively. Critically, the cattle-effected impoundment lost only 15% of storage to leakage (after cattle consumption was taken into account), while the control lost 65% of its water to basal leakage. Indeed systems modelling of the rainfall-storage dynamics showed that the cattle-affected impoundment, despite consumption by 300 cows, maintained water in the impoundment (per a unit input of rainfall) for longer than the control (a 65- versus 25-day residence time). These results highlight the unintended beneficial effect of cattle trampling on the floor of the impoundment reducing leakage losses.

Soil pipe distribution and hydrological functioning within the humid tropics: a synthesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1567-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick A. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Soil Pipe ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

scholarly journals Hydrological Characterization of Watering Ponds in Rangeland Farms in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubaldo Marín-Comitre ◽  
Susanne Schnabel ◽  
Manuel Pulido-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Arid Rangelands ◽  
The One ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Watering ponds are an important source of drinking water supply for livestock in semi-arid rangelands. Understanding the hydrological functioning of this kind of infrastructures is crucial for efficient water management in areas where water resources are often scarce. In this line, we have analyzed temporal patterns of water availability in a set of watering ponds located in Iberian rangelands and their relationship with temporal rainfall variability. In addition, the effectiveness of the ponds for conserving stored water during dry periods and some influencing factors (pond size and catchment area) have also been assessed. The results showed a high correlation between water availability and precedent rainfall, confirming, on the one hand, the capacity of storage of these infrastructures and, on the other hand, the importance of temporal rainfall patterns in their hydrological behavior. Our findings point to a minimum pond area of 2000 m2 and a catchment area/storage capacity ratio around 100 m−1 in order for watering ponds can face the dry summer period with certain guarantees, at least in regular hydrological years. Nonetheless, the vulnerability shown by the majority of the watering ponds in times of drought limits their usefulness as unique sources of water supply in many farms.

scholarly journals Application of time-series analyses to the hydrological functioning of an Alpine karstic system: the case of Bange-L’Eau-Morte

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mathevet ◽  
M. l. Lepiller ◽  
A. Mangin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Recession Curves ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Correlation And Spectral Analysis ◽  
Wavelet Analyses ◽  
Dependent Behaviour ◽  
Hydrological Functioning

Abstract. This paper analyses the hydrological functioning of the Bange-L’Eau-Morte karstic system using classical and original techniques, recession curves, correlation and spectral analyses, noise analysis and wavelet analyses. The main characteristics that can be deduced are the recession coefficients, the dynamic volume of storage, the response time of the system, the quickflow and baseflow components and the snowmelt characteristics. The non-stationary and timescale-dependent behaviour of the system is studied and particular features of the runoff are shown. The step-by-step use of these different techniques provides a general methodology applicable to different karstic systems to provide quantifiable and objective criteria for differentiation and comparison of karstic systems. Keywords: karstic hydrology, Bauges mountains, recession curves, correlation and spectral analysis, wavelet analysis, snowmelt

Design of stilling basin for circular pipe outlets

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Goel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Circular Pipe ◽  
Stilling Basin ◽  
Basin Floor ◽  
Pipe Outlet

Experimental work leading to the design of a stilling basin for pipe outlets is reported in this paper. The stilling basin designed on the basis of present study has been compared with the stilling basin design proposed by Garde et al. in 1986. The experiments were performed by taking two pipe outlets of 10 and 7.5 cm diameter and varying inflow Froude numbers. In the present study, the new design is arrived at by conducting a systematic experimentation on the various stilling basin models and keeping the basin floor at the invert level of the pipe outlet. The location as well as the arrangements of appurtenances, such as a wedge-shaped splitter block, modified grid, row of wedge-shaped baffle blocks, and end sill, were also varied in the experiments. A nondimensional number has been defined to compare the performance of the stilling basin models on the basis of developed scour downstream of the basin. The performance of the proposed stilling basin (model M-71) is much better as compared with that of the stilling basin G-D* proposed by Garde et al. in 1986.

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