Benefits of a soil surfactant on putting greens under dry and wet conditions

Plant disease diagnosis is most often accomplished by examination of symptoms and observation or isolation of causal organisms. Occasionally, diseases of unknown etiology occur and are difficult or impossible to accurately diagnose by the usual means. In 1980, such a disease was observed on Agrostis palustris Huds. c.v. Toronto (creeping bentgrass) putting greens at the Butler National Golf Course in Oak Brook, IL.The wilting symptoms of the disease and the irregular nature of its spread through affected areas suggested that an infectious agent was involved. However, normal isolation procedures did not yield any organism known to infect turf grass. TEM was employed in order to aid in the possible diagnosis of the disease.Crown, root and leaf tissue of both infected and symptomless plants were fixed in cold 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, post-fixed in buffered 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in a 1:1 mixture of Spurrs and epon-araldite epoxy resins.

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Humic acids-based biostimulants impact on root viability and hormone metabolism in creeping bentgrass putting greens

itsrj ◽

10.1002/its2.37 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xunzhong Zhang ◽

Mike Goatley ◽

David McCall ◽

Kelly Kosiarski ◽

Frank Reith

Keyword(s):

Humic Acids ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Hormone Metabolism ◽

Putting Greens

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Chitosan-Based Adhesive: Optimization of Tensile Shear Strength in Dry and Wet Conditions

Polysaccharides ◽

10.3390/polysaccharides2010008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 110-120

Author(s):

Maisa Abdelmoula ◽

Hajer Ben Hlima ◽

Frédéric Michalet ◽

Gérard Bourduche ◽

Jean-Yves Chavant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Water Resistance ◽

Tensile Shear Strength ◽

Tensile Shear ◽

Spread Rate ◽

Assembly Time ◽

Deacetylation Degree ◽

Dry And Wet Conditions

Commercial adhesives present a high bond strength and water resistance, but they are considered non-healthier products. Chitosan can be considered as an interesting biosourced and biodegradable alternative, despite its low water resistance. Here, its wood bonding implementation and its tensile shear strength in dry and wet conditions were investigated depending on its structural characteristics. Firstly, the spread rate, open assembly time, drying pressure, drying temperature, and drying time have been determined for two chitosans of European pine double lap specimens. An adhesive solution spread rate of 1000 g·m−2, an open assembly time of 10 min, and a pressure temperature of 55 °C for 105 min led to a bond strength of 2.82 MPa. Secondly, a comparison between a high molecular weight/low deacetylation degree chitosan and a lower molecular weight/higher deacetylation degree chitosan was conducted. Tests were conducted with beech simple lap specimens in accordance with the implementation conditions and the conditioning treatments in wet and dry environments required for thermoplastic wood adhesive standards used in non-structural applications (EN 204 and EN 205). The results clearly revealed the dependence of adhesive properties and water resistance on the structural features of chitosans (molecular weight and deacetylation degree), explaining the heterogeneity of results published notably in this field.

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Effect of watered-in demethylation-inhibitor fungicide and paclobutrazol applications on foliar disease severity and turfgrass quality of creeping bentgrass putting greens

Crop Protection ◽

10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 64-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G.L. Miller

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Foliar Disease ◽

Turfgrass Quality ◽

Demethylation Inhibitor

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Laboratory Tests on Engineering Properties of Wind-Blown Sand

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.706 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 170-173 ◽

pp. 706-709

Author(s):

Zhao Lin Jia ◽

Shu Wang Yan ◽

Zhi Liang Huo

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Engineering Properties ◽

Grain Composition ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Compaction Curve ◽

Main Factors ◽

Dry And Wet Conditions ◽

Compaction Properties

By means of laboratory tests and theoretical calculation, the physical, mechanical properties and compaction mechanism of the wind-blown sand are studied to deal with the problem of how to use the wind-blown sand as roadbed materials. It is revealed that water content doesn’t affect the compressibility and the shear strength of the wind-blown sand obviously and the wind-blown sand can be compacted both in dry and wet conditions. The compaction curve of the ordinary fine sand is consistent with that of wind-blown sand and the main factors affecting the compaction properties are the grain composition, water content and compaction work.

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Characterizing the internal strain in composite insulation under dry and wet conditions

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation ◽

10.1109/tdei.2008.4656244 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 1353-1359 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.H. Abderrazzaq

Keyword(s):

Internal Strain ◽

Dry And Wet Conditions

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Control of Silvery-Thread Moss (Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) Putting Greens

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-03-082r1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 560-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Keith D. Burnell ◽

Fred H. Yelverton ◽

Joseph C. Neal ◽

Travis W. Gannon ◽

J. Scott McElroy

Keyword(s):

Ferrous Sulfate ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Agrostis Palustris ◽

Putting Greens ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Population Reduction ◽

Elk River ◽

Turfgrass Quality

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate chemicals for silvery-thread moss control and bentgrass turfgrass quality. Treatments included iron (Fe)-containing products, nitrogen fertilizers, Ultra Dawn dishwashing detergent (UD) at 3% (v/v), and oxadiazon. In general, greater silvery-thread moss control was achieved with Fe-containing products. Ferrous sulfate at 40 kg Fe/ha plus ammonium sulfate at 30 kg N/ha, a combined product of ferrous oxide, ferrous sulfate, and iron humates (FEOSH) at 125 kg Fe/ha, and a combined product of iron disulfide and ferrous sulfate (FEDS) at 112 kg Fe/ha reduced silvery-thread moss populations 87, 81, and 69%, respectively, 6 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). UD reduced silvery-thread moss populations 57% 6 WAIT. The addition of oxadiazon to Fe-containing treatments did not improve silvery-thread moss population reduction. Other experiments evaluated two formulations of chlorothalonil, each applied at two rates, chlorothalonil with zinc at 9.5 and 17.4 kg ai/ha and chlorothalonil without zinc at 9.1 and 18.2 kg/ ha, and two spray volumes (2,038 and 4,076 L/ha). Greater silvery-thread moss population reduction was observed at Jefferson Landing in 1999 compared with Elk River in 1999 and 2000. Rainfall events at Elk River in 1999 and 2000 within 24 h after application and no rain at Jefferson Landing may account for variation in performance of products between sites. However, no difference in chlorothalonil formulation, rate, or spray volume was observed in any location or year. These data indicate that Fe-containing fertilizers or chlorothalonil can be used to reduce silvery-thread moss populations in creeping bentgrass putting greens.

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The Air-Side Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Flat-Tube Heat Exchangers With Louvered, Wavy, and Plain Fins Under Dry and Wet Conditions

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.3089548 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 131 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Young-Gil Park ◽

Anthony M. Jacobi

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Exchangers ◽

Hydraulic Performance ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Flat Tube ◽

Parametric Effects ◽

Dry And Wet Conditions ◽

Wet Surface ◽

Friction Performance

The air-side thermal-hydraulic performance of flat-tube aluminum heat exchangers is studied experimentally for conditions typical to air-conditioning applications, for heat exchangers constructed with serpentine louvered, wavy, and plain fins. Using a closed-loop calorimetric wind tunnel, heat transfer and pressure drop are measured at air face velocities from 0.5 m/s to 2.8 m/s for dry- and wet-surface conditions. Parametric effects related to geometry and operating conditions on heat transfer and friction performance of the heat exchangers are explored. Significant differences in the effect of geometrical parameters are found for dry and wet conditions. For the louver-fin geometry, using a combined database from the present and the previous studies, empirical curve-fits for the Colburn j- and f-factors are developed in terms of a wet-surface multiplier. The wet-surface multiplier correlations fit the present database with rms relative residuals of 21.1% and 24.4% for j and f multipliers, respectively. Alternatively, stand-alone Colburn j and f correlations give rms relative residuals of 22.7% and 29.1%, respectively.

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