Investigation of aerosol effects on the Arctic surface temperature during the diurnal cycle: part 2 - Separating aerosol effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 775-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Stofferahn ◽  
Zafer Boybeyi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Effects ◽  
Arctic Surface

scholarly journals The Influence of Changes in Cloud Cover on Recent Surface Temperature Trends in the Arctic

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Liu ◽  
Jeffrey R. Key ◽  
Xuanji Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Temperature Trend ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Sky Conditions ◽  
Arctic Surface

Abstract A method is presented to assess the influence of changes in Arctic cloud cover on the surface temperature trend, allowing for a more robust diagnosis of causes for surface warming or cooling. Seasonal trends in satellite-derived Arctic surface temperature under clear-, cloudy-, and all-sky conditions are examined for the period 1982–2004. The satellite-derived trends are in good agreement with trends in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis product and surface-based weather station measurements in the Arctic. Surface temperature trends under clear and cloudy conditions have patterns similar to the all-sky trends, though the magnitude of the trends under cloudy conditions is smaller than those under clear-sky conditions, illustrating the negative feedback of clouds on the surface temperature trends. The all-sky surface temperature trend is divided into two parts: the first part is a linear combination of the surface temperature trends under clear and cloudy conditions; the second part is caused by changes in cloud cover as a function of the clear–cloudy surface temperature difference. The relative importance of these two components is different in the four seasons, with the first part more important in spring, summer, and autumn, but with both parts being equally important in winter. The contribution of biases in satellite retrievals is also evaluated.

scholarly journals Pacific contribution to decadal surface temperature trends in the Arctic during the twentieth century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Svendsen ◽  
Noel Keenlyside ◽  
Morven Muilwijk ◽  
Ingo Bethke ◽  
Nour-Eddine Omrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Decadal Variability ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
External Forcing ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Instrumental Records ◽  
Arctic Surface

AbstractInstrumental records suggest multidecadal variability in Arctic surface temperature throughout the twentieth century. This variability is caused by a combination of external forcing and internal variability, but their relative importance remains unclear. Since the early twentieth century Arctic warming has been linked to decadal variability in the Pacific, we hypothesize that the Pacific could impact decadal temperature trends in the Arctic throughout the twentieth century. To investigate this, we compare two ensembles of historical all-forcing twentieth century simulations with the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM): (1) a fully coupled ensemble and (2) an ensemble where momentum flux anomalies from reanalysis are prescribed over the Indo-Pacific Ocean to constrain Pacific sea surface temperature variability. We find that the combined effect of tropical and extratropical Pacific decadal variability can explain up to ~ 50% of the observed decadal surface temperature trends in the Arctic. The Pacific-Arctic connection involves both lower tropospheric horizontal advection and subsidence-induced adiabatic heating, mediated by Aleutian Low variations. This link is detected across the twentieth century, but the response in Arctic surface temperature is moderated by external forcing and surface feedbacks. Our results also indicate that increased ocean heat transport from the Atlantic to the Arctic could have compensated for the impact of a cooling Pacific at the turn of the twenty-first century. These results have implications for understanding the present Arctic warming and future climate variations.

Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties Based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Dataset. Part II: Recent Trends

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2575-2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanji Wang ◽  
Jeffrey R. Key
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Cloud Fraction ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Surface Temperature Change ◽  
Annual Time Scale ◽  
Annual Time ◽  
Arctic Surface

Abstract Over the past 20 yr, some Arctic surface and cloud properties have changed significantly. Results of an analysis of satellite data show that the Arctic has warmed and become cloudier in spring and summer but has cooled and become less cloudy in winter. The annual rate of surface temperature change is 0.057°C for the Arctic region north of 60°N. The surface broadband albedo has decreased significantly in autumn, especially over the Arctic Ocean, indicating a later freeze-up and snowfall. The surface albedo has decreased at an annual rate of −0.15% (absolute). Cloud fraction has decreased at an annual rate of −0.6% (absolute) in winter and increased at annual rates of 0.32% and 0.16% in spring and summer, respectively. On an annual time scale, there is no trend in cloud fraction. During spring and summer, changes in sea ice albedo that result from surface warming tend to modulate the radiative effect of increasing cloud cover. On an annual time scale, the all-wave cloud forcing at the surface has decreased at an annual rate of –0.335 W m−2, indicating an increased cooling by clouds. There are large correlations between surface temperature anomalies and climate indices such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index for some areas, implying linkages between global climate change and Arctic climate change.

scholarly journals Interannual Variability and Trends in Sea Surface Temperature, Lower and Middle Atmosphere Temperature at Different Latitudes for 1980–2019

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Jakovlev ◽  
Sergei P. Smyshlyaev ◽  
Vener Y. Galin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Impact

The influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) on the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere temperature in the tropical, middle, and polar latitudes is studied for 1980–2019 based on the MERRA2, ERA5, and Met Office reanalysis data, and numerical modeling with a chemistry-climate model (CCM) of the lower and middle atmosphere. The variability of SST is analyzed according to Met Office and ERA5 data, while the variability of atmospheric temperature is investigated according to MERRA2 and ERA5 data. Analysis of sea surface temperature trends based on reanalysis data revealed that a significant positive SST trend of about 0.1 degrees per decade is observed over the globe. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the trend (about 0.2 degrees per decade) is 2 times higher than the global average, and 5 times higher than in the Southern Hemisphere (about 0.04 degrees per decade). At polar latitudes, opposite SST trends are observed in the Arctic (positive) and Antarctic (negative). The impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon on the temperature of the lower and middle atmosphere in the middle and polar latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is discussed. To assess the relative influence of SST, CO2, and other greenhouse gases’ variability on the temperature of the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere, numerical calculations with a CCM were performed for several scenarios of accounting for the SST and carbon dioxide variability. The results of numerical experiments with a CCM demonstrated that the influence of SST prevails in the troposphere, while for the stratosphere, an increase in the CO2 content plays the most important role.

scholarly journals Aerosol Effects on Cloud Emissivity and Surface Longwave Heating in the Arctic

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Garrett ◽  
Lawrence F. Radke ◽  
Peter V. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Effects

scholarly journals Processes determining the marine alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation state distributions

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7349-7362 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Carter ◽  
J. R. Toggweiler ◽  
R. M. Key ◽  
J. L. Sarmiento
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Marine System ◽  
Calcite Saturation ◽  
River Mouths ◽  
Arctic Surface

Abstract. We introduce a composite tracer for the marine system, Alk*, that has a global distribution primarily determined by CaCO3 precipitation and dissolution. Alk* is also affected by riverine alkalinity from dissolved terrestrial carbonate minerals. We estimate that the Arctic receives approximately twice the riverine alkalinity per unit area as the Atlantic, and 8 times that of the other oceans. Riverine inputs broadly elevate Alk* in the Arctic surface and particularly near river mouths. Strong net carbonate precipitation results in low Alk* in subtropical gyres, especially in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Upwelling of dissolved CaCO3-rich deep water elevates North Pacific and Southern Ocean Alk*. We use the Alk* distribution to estimate the variability of the calcite saturation state resulting from CaCO3 cycling and other processes. We show that regional differences in surface calcite saturation state are due primarily to the effect of temperature differences on CO2 solubility and, to a lesser extent, differences in freshwater content and air–sea disequilibria. The variations in net calcium carbonate cycling revealed by Alk* play a comparatively minor role in determining the calcium carbonate saturation state.

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