Metabolism, Plasma or Serum Levels, and Elimination of Phenformin in Guinea Pigs, Rats, and Dogs

Aim: Green tea (Camellia senesis) is consumed because of the belief that it protects against liver related ailments. This study aims at finding the possible scientific basis for this claim. Methodology: Twenty guinea pigs of mixed sexes were divided into 4 experimental groups of 5 animals each. Group I served as a negative control for the liver marker-enzymes, aspartate-amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Total bilirubin (TB) and its metabolite, conjugated bilirubin (CB), were also estimated. In group II, a high dose of paracetamol was used to induce hepatotoxicity. In groups III and IV, the hepatotoxcity was challenged with the extract of a green tea at 100 and 200 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that the 100 mg/kg attenuated the serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP by 9.20, 7.30. and 5.10 % respectively. The inhibition of ALT was significant (p<0.05). The 200 mg/kg reduced the levels of the enzymes for AST by 12.00, 9.70 and 5.30% respectively (p>0.05). The serum CB was also significantly reduced by the two doses of the extract (p<0.05). The actual mechanism by which these occurred was not known. Conclusion: The extract of the green tea may possess hepatoprotective effects. Key words: Hepatoprotection. Liver enzymes, Green tea. (Camellia senesis). Guinea- pig

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Altered Cytokine Production and Impaired Antimycobacterial Immunity in Protein-Malnourished Guinea Pigs

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.66.8.3562-3568.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 66 (8) ◽

pp. 3562-3568 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Guixiang Dai ◽

David N. McMurray

Keyword(s):

Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Peritoneal Macrophages ◽

Protein Malnutrition ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cd4 Lymphocytes

ABSTRACT Protein malnutrition leads to multiple detrimental alterations of host immune responses to mycobacterial infection. In this study, we demonstrated that splenocytes from low-protein (LP) guinea pigs vaccinated 6 weeks previously with attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra failed to control the accumulation of virulentM. tuberculosis H37Rv in cocultured autologous peritoneal macrophages, despite the fact that they were able to control the accumulation of virulent tubercle bacilli in cocultured syngeneic peritoneal macrophages from normally nourished guinea pigs as successfully as did those from high-protein (HP) counterparts. Vaccine-induced growth control of virulent M. tuberculosisH37Rv in these cocultures appeared to be mediated by CD4 lymphocytes but not CD8 cells. Tuberculin (purified protein derivative [PPD])-induced lymphoproliferation was markedly impaired in vaccinated LP guinea pigs, and the depletion of CD4 lymphocytes significantly decreased lymphocyte proliferation whereas CD8 cell depletion did not. Protein malnutrition also impaired the abilities of cells from vaccinated LP guinea pigs to produce cytokines, including interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), in response to PPD, despite the demonstration of higher serum levels of TNF-α and TGF-β after an intravenous injection of PPD into LP guinea pigs. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages from protein-malnourished guinea pigs produced a higher level of TGF-β 4 days after infection in vitro with M. tuberculosis H37Rv than did those from protein adequate controls. These results suggest that dietary protein malnutrition impairs vaccine-induced resistance to M. tuberculosis, in part, by altering the cytokine profile to favor macrophage deactivation.

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The effect of lead exposure on tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin, total and differential white blood cells count, and serum levels of immunoglobulin E, histamine, and cytokines in guinea pigs

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327113499040 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 325-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T Farkhondeh ◽

MH Boskabady ◽

S Jalali ◽

G Bayrami

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Lead Acetate ◽

Immunoglobulin E ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Pb Concentration

The effect of exposure to inhaled lead acetate in guinea pigs was evaluated. The present study comprised of five groups of guinea pigs including control (C), sensitized to ovalbumin (OA; S) and three groups exposed to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M inhaled lead (Pb; n = 6 for each group). Tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and OA, total and differential white blood cells (WBCs) count in lung lavage, serum levels of cytokines (interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4)), histamines, and immunoglobulin E (IgE), and Pb concentration in lung were measured. Tracheal responsiveness to methacholine, OA, total and differential WBC types as well as IL-4, IFN-γ, histamine, and IgE were significantly increased but IFN-γ/IL-4 were significantly decreased in sensitized animals as well as those exposed to high Pb concentrations when compared with the control group (from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In addition, there was not a significant difference in most measured values between animals exposed to high Pb concentration and group S. The Pb concentration in lung tissues of animals exposed to all three Pb concentrations was significantly higher than that of group C ( p < 0.001 for all cases).These results showed that inhaled lead acetate exposure can induce lung inflammatory changes similar to sensitized animals. Therefore, exposure to environmental Pb pollution may cause asthma-like changes.

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Diphenylhydantoin: Disposition and effects of administration on hepatic function in guinea pigs

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y79-078 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 517-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. M. K. Lui ◽

D. J. Ecobichon

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Transit Time ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Barium Meal ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Hepatic Function ◽

Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Β Phase

Diphenylhydantoin sodium (phenytoin; DPH) was administered per os to fasted and non-fasted male and female albino guinea pigs either as single doses or as daily doses for 3 consecutive days. Pharmacokinetic studies involved measurement of the serum and alimentary DPH residues by gas–liquid chromatography following solvent extraction. The transit time of barium meal in the alimentary tract was studied by fluoroscopy in both fasted and nonfasted animals. Animals were killed 24 h following three consecutive daily doses of DPH (25 mg/kg body weight) and in vitro measurements of hepatic microsomal p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (OD), aniline hydroxylase (AH), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (NADPH-CcR), nonspecific carboxylesterase, and UDPglucuronosyltransferase activities were made.Severe toxicity and sedation were observed at doses of 100 and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively. No overt signs were observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, this dosage being selected for futher study. The apparent β-phase t0.5 of serum DPH following a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg body weight was approximately 6.5 h in nonfasted guinea pigs. Initial peak serum levels of DPH were observed at 2 h in fasted and nonfasted animals and secondary peak levels were observed at 12 h in nonfasted and at 24 h in fasted animals. There was a good correlation between the rate of DPH absorption, fasting state, and alimentary transit time. In animals receiving 25 mg DPH/kg body weight orally for 3 consecutive days, there was marked induction of hepatic OD, AH, and NADPH-CcR. No changes were observed in nonspecific carboxylesterase or UDPglucuronosyltransferase activities. The major metabolite of DPH, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), was not detected in the tissue in sufficient quantities to exert an influence on monooxygenase activities.

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Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Crude Extract of Ocimum gratissimum LINN. Leaf on Basal and Cadmium-induced Serum Levels of Phosphatases in Male Guinea-pigs.

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v12i4.55215 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

Author(s):

JS Aprioku ◽

AW Obianime

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Ocimum Gratissimum

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Effect of Triton WR-1339 on absorption and fate of I131 oleic acid in normal guinea pigs

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.202.2.367 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 202 (2) ◽

pp. 367-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bernard W. Janicki ◽

William V. C. Leahy ◽

Thomas F. Mc Nickle ◽

Stephen A. Aron

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Plasma Protein ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Triton Wr 1339

The influence of Triton WR-1339 on the absorption and tissue assimilation of orally administered I131 oleic acid was studied in normal guinea pigs. No significant difference was observed in either the plasma or liver radioactivity. However, the amount of radioactivity precipitated with plasma protein was significantly higher in Triton-treated animals. Extraction of the protein precipitates with lipid solvents demonstrated that the precipitated radioactivity was associated with lipid. The mechanism by which Triton induced increased serum levels of fatty acids was discussed in view of these findings.

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