Lipid Composition and Utilization in Early Stage Leptocephalus Larvae of Bonefish ( Albula vulpes )

Early-stage porcine embryos to peri-hatching blastocysts contain high levels of intracellular lipids in the form of fat droplets and are highly sensitive to cryopreservation. Recently, our sterological studies demonstrated that in embryos produced in vivo and cultured in vitro, the volume of lipid droplets significantly decreased from zygote to blastocyst. To date, however, there have been no reports concerning the type of lipids in pig embryos produced in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the lipid composition of fat droplets in pig embryos produced in vivo and in vitro. The experiment was carried out on pig zygotes produced in vivo and 2–4 and 8–16-cell embryos, morulae, blastocysts, and late blastocysts produced in vivo and in vitro. Embryos produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated gilts after flushing the oviduct or uterus. Embryos cultured in vitro were developed from zygotes produced in vivo. Embryos were cultured in vitro to appropiate stages of development in chemically defined medium, North Carolina State University (NCSU)-23. For analysis of the type of lipid in the fat droplets, embryos were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde with the addition of 3 mM calcium chloride. The material was then embedded in Technovit 8100, cut into semi-thin sections, and analyzed by histochemical methods. Four techniques were used to detect different types of lipids: Churukian method with Oil red O, Cain method with Nile blue sulfate, Sudan black B, and osmium tetroxide methods. Fat droplets of embryos produced both in vivo and in vitro contained unsaturated hydrophobic lipids, free fatty acids, phospholipids, unsaturated esters, and triglycerides. Moreover, in the morula the total amount of lipids (especially the amount of free fatty acids and phospholipids) evidently decrease. The amount of the other unsaturated lipids decreased as early as the 2- to 4-cell stage. In conclusion, the content of different types of lipids in pig embryos is reduced during their development from zygote to blastocyst, and there are no differences in lipid composition of fat droplets between in vivo- and in vitro-produced porcine embryos. This research was funded by the State Committee for Scientific Research (Project No. 2 P06D 003 26).

Download Full-text

Early-Stage Atherosclerosis in Poloxamer 407-Induced Hyperlipidemic Mice: Pathological Features and Changes in the Lipid Composition of Serum Lipoprotein Fractions and Subfractions

10.26226/morressier.57d6b2b6d462b8028d88ef85 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Johnston

Keyword(s):

Lipid Composition ◽

Early Stage ◽

Serum Lipoprotein ◽

Poloxamer 407 ◽

Pathological Features

Download Full-text

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141226 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 970-971

Author(s):

L. Vacca-Galloway ◽

Y.Q. Zhang ◽

P. Bose ◽

S.H. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Early Stage ◽

Cervical Spinal Cord ◽

Wild Type Mouse ◽

Reflex Response ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Behavioral Tests ◽

Wobbler Mouse ◽

Stage 4 ◽

Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

Download Full-text

Automated high-resolution microscopy: the approaches so far

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100125312 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 58-61

Author(s):

W. O. Saxton

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Early Stage ◽

Automatic Recording ◽

Microprocessor Control ◽

Alternative Systems ◽

Electron Image ◽

Complete Automation ◽

Analysis System ◽

High Resolution Microscopy

Recent commercial microscopes with internal microprocessor control of all major functions have already demonstrated some of the benefits anticipated from such systems, such as continuous magnification, rotation-free diffraction and magnification, automatic recording of mutually registered focal series, and fewer control knobs. Complete automation of the focusing, stigmating and alignment of a high resolution microscope, allowing focal series to be recorded at preselected focus values as well, is still imminent rather than accomplished, however; some kind of image pick-up and analysis system, fed with the electron image via a TV camera, is clearly essential for this, but several alternative systems and algorithms are still being explored. This paper reviews the options critically in turn, and stresses the need to consider alignment and focusing at an early stage, and not merely as an optional extension to a basic proposal.

Download Full-text

Direct observation of Fe-Al-Zn ternary intermetallic compound and its transformation during the early stage of hot-dip galvanizing

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100151416 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 1116-1117

Author(s):

C. S. Lin ◽

W. A. Chiou ◽

M. Meshii

Keyword(s):

Intermetallic Compound ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Diffusion Rate ◽

Early Stage ◽

Zinc Bath ◽

Steel Sheets ◽

Direct Observations ◽

Solid Iron ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Ternary Intermetallic Compound

The galvannealed steel sheets have received ever increased attention because of their excellent post-painting corrosion resistance and good weldability. However, its powdering and flaking tendency during press forming processes strongly impairs its performance. In order to optimize the properties of galvanneal coatings, it is critical to control the reaction rate between solid iron and molten zinc.In commercial galvannealing line, aluminum is added to zinc bath to retard the diffusion rate between iron and zinc by the formation of a thin layer of Al intermetallic compound on the surface of steel at initial hot-dip galvanizing. However, the form of this compound and its transformation are still speculated. In this paper, we report the direct observations of this compound and its transformation.The specimens were prepared in a hot-dip simulator in which the steel was galvanized in the zinc bath containing 0.14 wt% of Al at a temperature of 480 °C for 5 seconds and was quenched by liquid nitrogen.

Download Full-text

Anisotropy of interfacial defects in the initial stage of MOVPE GaAs growth On Si

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100176095 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 592-593

Author(s):

C. Vannuffel ◽

C. Schiller ◽

J. P. Chevalier

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Threading Dislocations ◽

Mbe Growth ◽

Detailed Mechanism ◽

Si Substrates ◽

Initial Stage ◽

Interfacial Defects ◽

Interfacial Dislocations ◽

Step Growth ◽

Essential Problem

Recently, interest has focused on the epitaxy of GaAs on Si as a promising material for electronic applications, potentially for integration of optoelectronic devices on silicon wafers. The essential problem concerns the 4% misfit between the two materials, and this must be accommodated by a network of interfacial dislocations with the lowest number of threading dislocations. It is thus important to understand the detailed mechanism of the formation of this network, in order to eventually reduce the dislocation density at the top of the layers.MOVPE growth is carried out on slightly misoriented, (3.5°) from (001) towards , Si substrates. Here we report on the effect of this misorientation on the interfacial defects, at a very early stage of growth. Only the first stage, of the well-known two step growth process, is thus considered. Previously, we showed that full substrate coverage occured for GaAs thicknesses of 5 nm in contrast to MBE growth, where substantially greater thicknesses are required.

Download Full-text