Product-determining factors in the grignard reactions of benzophenones. The role of the structure of alkyl groups in grignard reagents

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 501-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Maruyama ◽  
Yoshihiro Matano ◽  
Toshimasa Katagiri
Keyword(s):  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Grignard Reactions

scholarly journals A versatile method for the N, N-dialkylation of aromatic amines via Grignard reactions on N,N-bis(benzotriazolylmethyl)arylamines

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Katritzky ◽  
Stanislaw Rachwal ◽  
Jing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Alkyl Group ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Grignard Reaction ◽  
Aryl Ring ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Grignard Reactions ◽  
Stepwise Procedure ◽  
High Yields

Grignard reactions of N,N-bis(benzotriazolylmethyl)arylamines afford the corresponding N,N-dialkylarylamines in high yields. Electron-releasing substituents on the aryl ring facilitate the reaction. Arylamines are N,N-dialkylated with two different alkyl groups by a stepwise procedure: N-benzotriazolylmethylation of an amine followed by a Grignard reaction to introduce the first alkyl group, and repetition of the same procedure to introduce the second alkyl group. Grignard reagents derived from 1,4-dihalobutane, upon reaction with N,N-bis(benzotriazolylmethyl)arylamines, give the corresponding N-aryl-hexahydroazepines together with acyclic products. Keywords: azepine, tertiary arylamines.

General Particulars Regarding the Conflict of Interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
Aurelia Teodora Drăghici
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Changing Role

SummaryTheme conflicts of interest is one of the major reasons for concern local government, regional and central administrative and criminal legal implications aiming to uphold the integrity and decisions objectively. Also, most obviously, conflicts of interest occur at the national level where political stakes are usually highest, one of the determining factors of this segment being the changing role of the state itself, which creates opportunities for individual gain through its transformations.

Music publications in Galicia in the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries: production, advertising, pricing

2019 ◽  
pp. 481-499
Author(s):  
Olga Osadtsia
Keyword(s):  
Book Publishing ◽  
Initial Form ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Bibliographic Information ◽  
Financial Factor ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Book Selling ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Import Trade

The main forms and methods of distribution of music publications in Galicia in the XIX — early XX centuries are scrutinized. The demand for the relevant music production is one of the determining factors in the formation of the musical publishing repertoire, its structure and special features in the process of the existence of music publications in society. It is noted that export-import trade in books has become especially widespread in Galicia; there are facts about the links between publishers and booksellers in Lviv and Warsaw. The basic types of presentation of book advertising of music products, its regional peculiarities, and ways of its placement are considered. Special emphasis is placed on the role of specialized press in the advertising of music products, typical examples of press advertising. The registration bibliographic information as the initial form of music bibliography and the forms of its compilation are distinguished. The emphasis is placed on the importance of thorough critical articles as a separate typological group of bibliographic publications under the conditions of formation of the Ukrainian bibliography, in which the main importance is given to the disclosure of the content and evaluation of the reviewed work. The combination of article genres and reviews on examples of separate publications by Stanislav Lyudkevych and Ivan Franko is traced. Special book-selling and book-publishing catalogs are characterized. While executing the marketing and advertising function, these directories were addressed primarily to foreign consumers and distributors (the so-called commissioners).One way to distribute music is to subscribe through libraries. A significant financial factor in the distribution of any printed matter was the price that depended primarily on the cost of each process associated with its publication. Keywords: music publications, bookstore, book-trading enterprise, advertising of publications, pricing.

Alkyl 1-[2-(oxido anion)-, 3-, 4-, 5-alkyl substituted]phenyl ketyl radicals

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1731-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Staško ◽  
Ľubomír Malík ◽  
Alexander Tkáč ◽  
Vladimír Adamčík ◽  
Eva Maťašová
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Unpaired Electron ◽  
Grignard Reagents ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Benzene Nucleus ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Splitting Constant

Reactions of R2,R3-alkyl substituted 2-hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acids 2-HO-C6H2R2-COOH with Grignard reagents R1MgBr in the presence of nickel give stable aryl alkyl ketyl radicals 2-O--R2-, R3-C6H2-CO--R1 where R1 = CH3, C2H5, C2D5, n-C3H7 and R2,R3 = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7, t-C4H9. The β protons of ketyl group are equivalent (splitting constant 1.25 mT) and non-equivalent (splitting constants within 0.5 to 1.5 mT) for R1 = methyl and other alkyl groups, respectively. Interaction of the γ protons with the unpaired electron was only observed in the case of R1 = n-propyl (splitting constants about 0.07 mT). The substituents R1 have but slight effect on values of splitting constants of the protons in R2,R3 and vice versa. Also splitting constants of the benzene nucleus (a4H = 0.55 mT, a6H = 0.44 mT) are only slightly affected by the substituents R1,R2,R3, which indicates dominant electron-donor effect of the oxido-anion group eliminating the relatively smaller contributions of the alkyl substituents.

Analysing and evaluating environmental information disclosure in universities: the role of corporate governance, stakeholders and culture

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Mauricio Flórez-Parra ◽  
Maria Victoria Lopez-Perez ◽  
Antonio M. López Hernández ◽  
Raquel Garde Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Actions ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Environmental Information Disclosure ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The University

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the internal and external factors related to the disclosure of environmental information in universities which reflect the actions carried out in these universities. Design/methodology/approach Taking as reference the first 200 universities in the Shanghai ranking, several factors associated with the degree of environmental information disclosure in universities – governance dimension, the relationship and participation of stakeholders, position and prestige as signs of the quality of the institution and cultural concern in the university’s country for the environment – are analysed. Findings The results obtained show that the size of the leadership team, stakeholder participation, the position of the university in rankings and cultural concern in the university’s country for the environment are determining factors in the university’s environmental actions and, consequently, in their disclosure. Other factors – such as the size of the university, the level of self-financing and financial autonomy – do not affect the disclosure of environmental information. Originality/value Scant research exists on the environmental commitments of universities; this paper aims to fill that gap. Their role as the main channel of research and as instructors of future professionals makes them points of reference in society. Research on university ranking has traditionally focussed on teaching and research results, but environmental issues are becoming increasingly important. This paper enumerates the factors that influence the dissemination of environmental information in the most prestigious universities. This research also provides an original approach by considering not only top-down but also bottom-up strategies through communication channels and the incidence of cultural factors.

Institutional Resilience, Deterrence and the Transition to Zero Nuclear Weapons

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 262-280
Author(s):  
Ulrich Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Shared Interest ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Institutional Cooperation ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
Governing Institutions

The goal of a world free from nuclear weapons is directly related to the issues of international institutions and deterrence. Assuming that it would be possible, first, to move to significantly lower numbers of nuclear weapons and then to zero nuclear weapons, governing institutions would have to be resilient enough to respond in a timely manner and to uphold the bargain. But what factors determine and influence institutional resilience? And what would be the likely role of deterrence? This article first assesses what the general ir narratives tell us about determining factors. It then examines two empirical cases from the realm of arms control institutions (the cfe and the npt treaties) and asks why these agreements are not as effective as intended. The next section discusses three additional factors of influence and identifies a shared interest in overcoming the deterrence principle as a key variable for institutional cooperation and as a factor that continues to influence resilience and effectiveness. The last section presents the conclusions.

Crime, Deprivation and Social Sustainability—Evidence across States in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramprasad Sengupta ◽  
Sovik Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Different Types

We focus in this article on the dimension of social sustainability of the development process— particularly on the determining factors of social tension which results in social disruption in violent forms of the different types of crime—murder, property-related, riots in the presence of polarization and Left-wing insurgency across major states in India. This article makes an attempt to explore the role of economic deprivation—thus, resulting in economic inequality and poverty in addition to infrastructural and other socio-economic developmental factors in determining such crimes in this context. While economic growth has a definite positive role in abating such violent forms of crime and their associated tension, the development strategy should give high priority to literacy, internal security and human development for building up peace and a socially sustainable society in India.

scholarly journals Development of decree 1072 of 2015, as a regulatory factor of practices in the construction field for the prevention of workplace accidents with MHF Construark SAS, carried out during the year 2020 in Bogotá

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Daniel Tabares
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
Workplace Accidents ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Administrative Area ◽  
Implementation Level ◽  
High Level

Introduction: This article "Development of the decree 1072 of 2015, as a regulatory factor of practices in the construction field for the prevention of workplace accidents in MHF Construark SAS" company was executed during 2020 in Bogotá. Background: There has been recurring practices in the construction sector that generate difficulties in the implementation of the SGSST, which may be the main cause of this insufficient implementation, which can lead to workplace accidents and occupational diseases. Objective: The objective of the investigation is to establish the level of compliance in the implementation of the SGSST, in order to identify determining factors that negatively affect such a process. Methods: This research has designed a study with mainly, a qualitative approach. Interviews were conducted with company representatives from the administrative area in charge of implementing the SGSST. Results: The MHF Company has achieved an implementation level of 85%. It is at a high level. Conclusion: This project contributes to the research in terms of the study of SGSST in particular, from a perspective that inquiries factors related to the role of key factors such as senior management and construction personnel. Originality: A small business of the construction field is investigated, setting up human factors in the SGSST implementation processes and the improvement strategy Limitations: information gathering on site was affected due to the circumstances generated by the COVID-19 emergency due to the fact the construction field was forced to suspend work as consequence of the pandemic

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