Ontogeny of australopithecines and early Homo: evidence from cranial capacity and dental eruption

Objective: Our objective is to exploit architectural constraint for the analysis and interpretation of craniofacial form, which we apply here to the reconstruction of the early Homo cranium KNM-ER 1470. We are motivated to perform this study because in the absence of biological criteria our preconceptions are likely to govern our concept of craniofacial form. Study Design: We reassembled the fragmented parts—left and right halves of the calvaria and the face—according to mammalian craniofacial architectural constraints described by Donald H. Enlow and colleagues. Results: When evaluated on a biological premise, KNM-ER 1470 is found to have a more prognathic midface than commonly appreciated. The relationship between facial prognathism and cranial capacity also provides an estimate downward for this specimen, from 752cc to ca. 700cc. Conclusion: Awareness of our preconceptions is critical to the performance of relatively unbiased research in fields characterized by interpretations of morphology. When perceptual bias is relatively minimized, applied here as an architecturally constrained of KNM-ER 1470 craniofacial skeleton, we are able to provide the scientific community with a more tractable Gestalt perspective of form.

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Ameloblastic Fibroma Associated With Impacted 3rd Molar: A Case Report

International Healthcare Research Journal ◽

10.26440/ihrj/01_07/117 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (7) ◽

pp. 18-21

Author(s):

K Indira Priyadarshini ◽

Karthik Raghupathy ◽

K V Lokesh ◽

B Venu Naidu

Keyword(s):

Relative Frequency ◽

Posterior Region ◽

Radiographic Examination ◽

Dental Eruption ◽

Ameloblastic Fibroma ◽

Odontogenic Origin ◽

The Common ◽

The Times ◽

The Right ◽

Slow Growing

Ameloblastic fibroma is an uncommon mixed neoplasm of odontogenic origin with a relative frequency between 1.5 – 4.5%. It can occur either in the mandible or maxilla, but predominantly seen in the posterior region of the mandible. It occurs in the first two decades of life. Most of the times it is associated with tooth enclosure, causing a delay in eruption or altering the dental eruption sequence. The common clinical manifestation is a slow growing painless swelling and is detected during routine radiographic examination. There is controversy in the mode of treatment, whether conservative or aggressive. Here we reported a 38 year old male patient referred for evaluation of painless swelling on the right posterior region of the mandible associated with clinically missing 3rd molar. The lesion was completely enucleated under general anesthesia along with the extraction of impacted molar.

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DETERMINATION OF THE CRANIAL CAPACITY OF THE NEGRO FROM MEASUREMENTS ON THE SKULL OR THE LIVING HEAD

Biometrika ◽

10.1093/biomet/19.1-2.200 ◽

1927 ◽

Vol 19 (1-2) ◽

pp. 200-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MIRIAM L. TILDESLEY

Keyword(s):

Cranial Capacity

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The skull of Proconsul africanus: reconstruction and cranial capacity

Nature ◽

10.1038/305525a0 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 305 (5934) ◽

pp. 525-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Alan Walker ◽

Dean Falk ◽

Richard Smith ◽

Martin Pickford

Keyword(s):

Cranial Capacity

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Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19980004 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 3-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

C. Leigh Broadhurst ◽

Stephen C. Cunnane ◽

Michael A. Crawford

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Rift Valley ◽

Infant Development ◽

Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Early Homo ◽

Fish And Shellfish ◽

Long Chain

An abundant, balanced dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is an absolute requirement for sustaining the very rapid expansion of the hominid cerebral cortex during the last one to two million years. The brain contains 600 g lipid/kg, with a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profile containing approximately equal proportions of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency at any stage of fetal and/or infant development can result in irreversible failure to accomplish specific components of brain growth. For the past fifteen million years, the East African Rift Valley has been a unique geological environment which contains many enormous freshwater lakes. Paleoanthropological evidence clearly indicates that hominids evolved in East Africa, and that early Homo inhabited the Rift Valley lake shores. Although earlier hominid species migrated to Eurasia, modem Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa between 100 and 200 thousand years ago, and subsequently migrated throughout the world. A shift in the hominid resource base towards more high-quality foods occurred approximately two million years ago; this was accompanied by an increase in relative brain size and a shift towards modem patterns of fetal and infant development. There is evidence for both meat and fish scavenging, although sophisticated tool industries and organized hunting had not yet developed. The earliest occurrences of modem H. sapiens and sophisticated tool technology are associated with aquatic resource bases. Tropical freshwater fish and shellfish have long-chain polyunsaturated lipid ratios more similar to that of the human brain than any other food source known. Consistent consumption of lacustrine foods could have provided a means of initiating and sustaining cerebral cortex growth without an attendant increase in body mass. A modest intake of fish and shellfish (6–12% total dietary energy intake) can provide more arachidonic acid and especially more docosahexaenoic acid than most diets contain today. Hence, ‘brain-specific’ nutrition had and still has significant potential to affect hominid brain evolution.

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The Eruption Patterns of The Teeth of Nigerian Local Pigs. Part 1: Profile of Deciduous Teeth

10.21203/rs.3.rs-174623/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Efeturi Okandeji ◽

Ayodeji David Lijoka ◽

Folusho Ayobami Atiba ◽

James Olukayode Olopade

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Translational Research ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Translation Research ◽

Dental Research ◽

Dental Eruption ◽

The Family ◽

Local Pigs ◽

Research Studies

Abstract Background: The pigs, domesticated about 6000 years ago, are highly prolific omnivores belonging to the Family Suidae and Order artiodactyla along with their other hooved counterparts. They qualify as models for various translational research studies (including dental studies) because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. There is however a dearth of information as regards the deciduous dental eruption profile (sequence and timing of eruption) of the Nigerian local pigs (NLP). This study was designed to determine the deciduous eruption profile in the NLP to assist in the management of the breed and in a bid to making the NLP more obvious as suitable animal models in dental research. A total of 51 healthy piglets (from postnatal day 1) were used for this. Their oral cavities were examined every other day for 29 weeks for signs of dental eruption. Looking at Mandibular (Md) and Maxillar (Mx) eruptions for Incisors (I), Canines(C), Premolars (P) and Molars (M), the modular sequence in the NIP was Md/ Mx I3(at birth), C (at birth) →Md I1→Md P3→MxP3 →MxI1 → Md I2 →MdP4 →MxP4 →MxP2→ Md I2 →MxI2 . Result: It was observed that variations in eruption timing exist amongst individuals and sexes while variation in eruption sequence exists between NLP and various breeds of pigs based on the literature.Conclusion: The results of this study will be particularly important to farmers, and researchers into NLP especially those using pigs in Nigeria as a model for translation research.

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