Challenges in Veterinary Vaccine Development

ABSTRACTMinicircle DNA (mcDNA), which contains only the necessary components for eukaryotic expression and is thus smaller than traditional plasmids, has been designed for application in genetic manipulation. In this study, we constructed a novel plasmid containing both the Cre recombinase under the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and recombinantlox66andlox71sites located outside the cytomegalovirus (CMV) expression cassette. The strictly controlled synthesis of Cre recombinasein vivomaintained the complete form of the plasmidin vitro, whereas thein vivoproduction of Cre transformed the parental plasmid to mcDNA after transfection. The newly designedCrerecombinase-mediatedin vivomcDNA platform, named CRIM, significantly increased the nuclear entry of mcDNA, followed by increased production of mRNA and protein, using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a model. Similar results were also observed in chickens when the vaccine was delivered by the regulated-delayed-lysisSalmonellastrain χ11218, where significantly increased production of EGFP was observed in chicken livers. Then, we used the HN gene of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus as an antigen model to construct the traditional plasmid pYL43 and the novel mcDNA plasmid pYL47. After immunization, our CRIM vaccine provided significantly increased protection against challenge compared with that of the traditional plasmid, providing us with a novel mcDNA vaccine platform.IMPORTANCEMinicircle DNA (mcDNA) has been considered an attractive alternative to DNA vaccines; however, the relatively high cost and complicated process of purifying mcDNA dramatically restricts the application of mcDNA in the veterinary field. We designed a novelin vivomcDNA platform in which the complete plasmid could spontaneously transform into mcDNAin vivo. In combination with the regulated-delayed-lysisSalmonellastrain, the newly designed mcDNA vaccine provides us with an elegant platform for veterinary vaccine development.

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Antigen delivery systems for veterinary vaccine development

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.044 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (51) ◽

pp. 6508-6528 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Alejandro Brun ◽

Emmanuel Albina ◽

Tom Barret ◽

David A.G. Chapman ◽

Markus Czub ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Antigen Delivery ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Antigen Delivery Systems

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Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8020322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 322

Author(s):

Uddab Poudel ◽

Umesh Dahal ◽

Nabin Upadhyaya ◽

Saroj Chaudhari ◽

Santosh Dhakal

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Current Status ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Laboratory Facilities ◽

Commercial Poultry ◽

The Government ◽

The 1960S

The livestock and poultry sectors are an integral part of Nepalese economy and lifestyle. Livestock and poultry populations have continuously been increasing in the last decade in Nepal and are likely to follow that trend as the interests in this field is growing. Infectious diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), black quarter (BQ), swine fever, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease (ND) constitute one of the major health challenges to the Nepalese livestock and poultry industry. Vaccinations are an efficient means of preventing the occurrence and spread of several diseases in animals and birds. Considering this fact, the government of Nepal began the production of veterinary vaccines in the 1960s. Nepal is self-reliant in producing several vaccines for cattle and buffaloes, sheep and goats, pigs, and poultry. Despite these efforts, the demand for vaccines is not met, especially in the commercial poultry sector, as Nepal spends billions of rupees in vaccine imports each year. There is a need of strengthening laboratory facilities for the isolation and characterization of field strains of pathogens and capacity building for the production of different types of vaccines using the latest technologies to be self-reliant in veterinary vaccine production in the future in Nepal.

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Using economic and social data to improve veterinary vaccine development: Learning lessons from human vaccinology

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (30) ◽

pp. 3974-3980 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lian F. Thomas ◽

Camille Bellet ◽

Jonathan Rushton

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Social Data ◽

Veterinary Vaccine

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Development of ELISA based on Bacillus anthracis capsule biosynthesis protein CapA for naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0258317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0258317

Author(s):

Tuvshinzaya Zorigt ◽

Yoshikazu Furuta ◽

Manyando Simbotwe ◽

Akihiro Ochi ◽

Mai Tsujinouchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Anthracis ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Protective Antigen ◽

Protein Solubility ◽

Control Measures ◽

Effective Control ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

C Terminus ◽

Vaccination History

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Detecting naturally acquired antibodies against anthrax sublethal exposure in animals is essential for anthrax surveillance and effective control measures. Serological assays based on protective antigen (PA) of B. anthracis are mainly used for anthrax surveillance and vaccine evaluation. Although the assay is reliable, it is challenging to distinguish the naturally acquired antibodies from vaccine-induced immunity in animals because PA is cross-reactive to both antibodies. Although additional data on the vaccination history of animals could bypass this problem, such data are not readily accessible in many cases. In this study, we established a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to antibodies against capsule biosynthesis protein CapA antigen of B. anthracis, which is non-cross-reactive to vaccine-induced antibodies in horses. Using in silico analyses, we screened coding sequences encoded on pXO2 plasmid, which is absent in the veterinary vaccine strain Sterne 34F2 but present in virulent strains of B. anthracis. Among the 8 selected antigen candidates, capsule biosynthesis protein CapA (GBAA_RS28240) and peptide ABC transporter substrate-binding protein (GBAA_RS28340) were detected by antibodies in infected horse sera. Of these, CapA has not yet been identified as immunoreactive in other studies to the best of our knowledge. Considering the protein solubility and specificity of B. anthracis, we prepared the C-terminus region of CapA, named CapA322, and developed CapA322-ELISA based on a horse model. Comparative analysis of the CapA322-ELISA and PAD1-ELISA (ELISA uses domain one of the PA) showed that CapA322-ELISA could detect anti-CapA antibodies in sera from infected horses but was non-reactive to sera from vaccinated horses. The CapA322-ELISA could contribute to the anthrax surveillance in endemic areas, and two immunoreactive proteins identified in this study could be additives to the improvement of current or future vaccine development.

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Veterinary vaccine development: The helical project

Insights in Veterinary Science ◽

10.29328/journal.ivs.1001025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 042-047

Author(s):

Dereja Iyasu Angani

Keyword(s):

Production Process ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Development Process ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Vaccine Production ◽

The Public ◽

Health Implication ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Improper Use

Vaccine production process have been fuzzy journey to the public and, in some degrees, to those in the setting. By clearly showing the lengthy and challenging journey of vaccine development process, thereby suggesting the economic and health implication of improper use of veterinary vaccines, the paper tries to add the attention given to infection prevention. Starting from the foundations, the types and requirements of veterinary vaccines are described. The paper concludes with current research and regulatory quos in the topic.

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Accelerating vaccine development and deployment: report of a Royal Society satellite meeting

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2011.0100 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 366 (1579) ◽

pp. 2841-2849 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Migena Bregu ◽

Simon J. Draper ◽

Adrian V. S. Hill ◽

Brian M. Greenwood

Keyword(s):

Product Development ◽

New Product Development ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Royal Society ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Low Cost ◽

Small Scale ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Regulatory Standards ◽

Multi Stakeholder

The Royal Society convened a meeting on the 17th and 18th November 2010 to review the current ways in which vaccines are developed and deployed, and to make recommendations as to how each of these processes might be accelerated. The meeting brought together academics, industry representatives, research sponsors, regulators, government advisors and representatives of international public health agencies from a broad geographical background. Discussions were held under Chatham House rules. High-throughput screening of new vaccine antigens and candidates was seen as a driving force for vaccine discovery. Multi-stakeholder, small-scale manufacturing facilities capable of rapid production of clinical grade vaccines are currently too few and need to be expanded. In both the human and veterinary areas, there is a need for tiered regulatory standards, differentially tailored for experimental and commercial vaccines, to allow accelerated vaccine efficacy testing. Improved cross-fertilization of knowledge between industry and academia, and between human and veterinary vaccine developers, could lead to more rapid application of promising approaches and technologies to new product development. Identification of best-practices and development of checklists for product development plans and implementation programmes were seen as low-cost opportunities to shorten the timeline for vaccine progression from the laboratory bench to the people who need it.

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Vaccines and diagnostics for zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182014001310 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 142 (2) ◽

pp. 271-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

HONG YOU ◽

DONALD P. MCMANUS

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

High Specificity ◽

The Philippines ◽

Schistosomiasis Japonica ◽

Current Status ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity ◽

Veterinary Vaccine ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Transmission Interruption ◽

Reservoir Hosts

SUMMARYSchistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent, insidious and serious of the tropical parasitic diseases. Although the effective anthelmintic drug, praziquantel, is widely available and cheap, it does not protect against re-infection, drug-resistant schistosome may evolve and mass drug administration programmes based around praziquantel are probably unsustainable long term. Whereas protective anti-schistosome vaccines are not yet available, the zoonotic nature of Schistosoma japonicum provides a novel approach for developing a transmission-blocking veterinary vaccine in domestic animals, especially bovines, which are major reservoir hosts, being responsible for up to 90% of environmental egg contamination in China and the Philippines. However, a greater knowledge of schistosome immunology is required to understand the processes associated with anti-schistosome protective immunity and to reinforce the rationale for vaccine development against schistosomiasis japonica. Importantly as well, improved diagnostic tests, with high specificity and sensitivity, which are simple, rapid and able to diagnose light S. japonicum infections, are required to determine the extent of transmission interruption and the complete elimination of schistosomiasis following control efforts. This article discusses aspects of the host immune response in schistosomiasis, the current status of vaccine development against S. japonicum and reviews approaches for diagnosing and detecting schistosome infections in mammalian hosts.

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