scholarly journals Employment deconcentration in European metropolitan areas: A comprehensive comparison and policy implications

2007 ◽  
pp. 265-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dijst ◽  
Carmen Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

Residential Patterns among Religious Groups in Canadian Cities

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fong ◽  
Elic Chan
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

This study, based on 2001 Canadian census data for 16 census metropolitan areas, explores residential segregation among eight religious groups. We include non–Christian religious groups to reflect the emerging religious diversity of Canadian society. Our study provides the first comprehensive comparison of the residential patterns of people affiliated with major religious groups in Canada. We argue that each religion is associated with unique sets of religious institutional behaviors, which in turn shape each religious group's relationships with other religious groups. In this study, we identify four religious institutional behaviors that can affect the residential segregation of various religious groups: institutional orientation of religious community services, subcultural identity, religious identity, and discrimination. The findings indicate that these religious institutional behaviors are related to the residential segregation patterns of different religious groups.

The Geography of Homelessness in American Communities: Concentration or Dispersion?

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrett A. Lee ◽  
Townsand Price‐Spratlen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
States Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Contemporary United States

Few recent studies of homelessness have focused on the distribution of the phenomenon across different types of community contexts. Nevertheless, claims are often made about the decline of urban skid rows and the increasing spatial ubiquity of the homeless population. Motivated by these claims, our research analyzes 1990 Census S‐night data at multiple geographic levels to determine whether homeless people remain locationally concentrated or have become more dispersed in the contemporary United States. Data from the 2000 Census, though limited in scope, are briefly examined as well. We find that the “visible” homeless are overrepresented in metropolitan and urban portions of the nation, in central cities of metropolitan areas, and in a minority of neighborhoods within these areas. Such an uneven distribution, which favors the concentration over the dispersion perspective, often takes a polynucleated form in large cities. Forces shaping the geography of homelessness are discussed, as are the policy implications and methodological caveats associated with our results.

scholarly journals Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate the COVID-19 fatality in large American cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Martha Berg ◽  
Enrique Neblett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
The U.S

The disproportionately high rates of both infections and deaths of underprivileged racial minorities in the U.S. (including Blacks and Hispanics) during the current COVID-19 pandemic show that structural inequality can be lethal. However, the nature of this structural inequality is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that two structural features of urban areas in the U.S. (racial residential segregation and income inequality) contribute to numerous health-compromising conditions, which, in turn, exacerbate COVID-19 fatalities. These two features may be particularly lethal when combined. To test this hypothesis, we examined the growth rate of both confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in an early 30-day period of the outbreak in the counties located in each of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. The growth curve for cases and deaths was steeper in counties located in metropolitan areas that residentially segregate Blacks and Hispanics. Moreover, this effect of racial residential segregation was augmented by income inequality within each county. The current evidence highlights the role of racial and economic disparity in producing the devastating human toll in the current pandemic. It also offers important policy implications for making virus-resilient cities.

scholarly journals Epidemics and Networks: A Social Network Analysis of the Spread of COVID-19 in South Korea and Policy Implications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonkwang Jo ◽  
Dukjin Chang ◽  
Myoungsoon You ◽  
Ghi-Hoon Ghim
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Network Change

Abstract This study estimates the COVID-19 infection network from actual data and draws on implications for policy and research. Using contact tracing information of 3,283 confirmed patients in Seoul metropolitan areas from Jan 20 to July 19, 2020, this study creates an infection network and analyzes its structural characteristics. The main results are as follows: (1) out-degrees follow an extremely positively skewed distribution, and (2) removing the top nodes on the out-degree significantly decreases the size of the infection network. (3) The indicators, which express the infectious power of the network, change according to governmental measures. Efforts to collect network data and analyze network structures are urgently required for the efficiency of governmental responses to COVID-19. Implications for better use of a metric such as R0 to estimate infection spread are also discussed.

The Rising Relative Presence of Whites in Majority Non-White Cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422110660
Author(s):  
Rogelio Sáenz
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Decennial Census ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Socioeconomic Gaps ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Percentage Share

After several decades of Whites fleeing large metropolitan areas, they are now increasingly gentrifying urban neighborhoods and communities. This analysis uses data from the 2000 decennial census and the 2012 and 2017 American Community Survey to assess the growing presence of Whites in U.S. cities. The analysis examines the extent to which Whites have experienced an increase in their percentage share of the populations of 212 majority non-White communities with 50,000 or more inhabitants over two time periods (2000 to 2008–2012 and 2008–2012 to 2013–2017). The results show that 39 communities have experienced an expanding relative presence of Whites in one or both periods. Whites generally are growing at a faster pace than Blacks and Latinos in these communities and there are large socioeconomic gaps favoring Whites. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings.

New Patterns of Urbanization in Indonesia: Emergence of Non-statutory Towns and New Extended Urban Regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 097542532199038
Author(s):  
Fadjar Hari Mardiansjah ◽  
Paramita Rahayu ◽  
Deden Rukmana
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Using Data

Indonesia is home to more than 260 million people and is one of the world’s most rapidly urbanizing countries. Between 1980 and 2010, Indonesia’s urban population grew about fourfold, from 32.8 to 118.3 million. Using data from National Census publications, this article examines the urbanization patterns and trends in urban growth in Indonesia from 1980 to 2010. The urbanization process has increased the number of cities in Indonesia from 50 to 94 and expanded large urban regions. Most of these expanded urban regions are located on the island of Java, including the metropolitan areas of Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang, Malang, Surakarta and Yogyakarta. The article also identifies the emergence of non-statutory towns and new extended urban regions outside the jurisdictions of urban municipalities. The policy implications of the emergence of such urban areas are additionally discussed.

Change in Elderly Residential Segregation in Canadian Metropolitan Areas, 1981–91

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Age Segregation ◽  
Elderly Living

ABSTRACTUsing census data, this study investigates change in the residential segregation of persons age 65 years and over from younger persons in Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) between 1981 and 1991. In each CMA, age-segregation is first evaluated in terms of inner city-suburban population distributions, and then according to the degree of segregation across census tracts expressed by the Index of Dissimilarity. Although the CMAs typically had moderate segregation levels in both 1981 and 1991, there were consistent trends toward (i) increasing proportions of the elderly living in suburban areas, and (ii) declining degrees of age-segregation across census tracts. It is proposed that these trends are partly attributable to the aging in place of suburban residents. Correlation and regression analyses indicate that in 1991 lower degrees of segregation were associated with CMAs which had relatively high percentages of both older dwellings and elderly population. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

The Military Metropolis: Defense Dependence in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Gauchat ◽  
Michael Wallace ◽  
Casey Borch ◽  
Travis Scott Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Military Spending ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
Urban Economies ◽  
Defense Procurement ◽  
Urban Political Economy ◽  
Defense Contracts ◽  
The Military

This article examines the “military metropolis,” an urban community that depends highly on military expenditures in order to sustain economic vitality. We build on past theories of military Keynesianism and employ insights from urban political economy theory to examine the effects of defense contracts and defense personnel spending on five measures of labor market quality (median household income, income inequality, poverty 125 percent, unemployment, and casualization) in 276 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas in the year 2000. Whereas previous studies of military spending have focused primarily on nations and U.S. states, this study examines metropolitan areas. We test three hypotheses about how federal military outlays might influence urban economies: first, the defense–dependency hypothesis suggests that urban areas rely on defense dollars in varying degrees to sustain their economic stability and vitality. Second, the localized effects hypothesis proposes that defense personnel spending on military bases and civilian personnel will have more immediate effects on urban economies than spending on defense procurement contracts. Third, the gunbelt hypothesis predicts that military spending has affected urban economies unevenly, benefiting metropolitan areas in some regions of the country more than others. The results of this study support all three hypotheses. We offer interpretations of our results and discuss the policy implications for U.S. metropolitan areas.

scholarly journals The Cyclicality of Sales, Regular and Effective Prices: Business Cycle and Policy Implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Coibion ◽  
Yuriy Gorodnichenko ◽  
Gee Hee Hong
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Regular Price

We study the cyclical properties of sales, regular price changes, and average prices paid by consumers (“effective” prices) using data on prices and quantities sold for numerous retailers across many US metropolitan areas. Inflation in the effective prices paid by consumers declines significantly with higher unemployment while little change occurs in the inflation rate of prices posted by retailers. This difference reflects the reallocation of household expenditures across retailers, a feature of the data which we document and quantify, rather than sales. We propose a simple model with household store-switching and assess its implications for business cycles and policymakers. (JEL D12, E31, E32, L25, L81)

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