Elementary Body | ScienceGate

1. Serological methods for the determination of smallpox immunity are briefly discussed, and it is concluded that they are unlikely to provide a diagnostic method of sufficient accuracy.2. Experimental work is recorded which shows certain differences in the response of previously vaccinated individuals, revaccinated simultaneously with a standard vaccine lymph and an elementary body suspension (vaccinia) of high potency. The significance of these differences is discussed.3. The results indicate that although the advantage of the e.b. suspension over vaccine lymph is relatively insignificant, that of two insertions over one is very marked. In revaccination the routine use of one insertion only may result in a certain number of semi-immunes (vaccinoids) being erroneously reported as immunes.4. It is concluded that if the two insertion technique be practised, persons showing immune reactions (negatives) may be considered, in all probability, as possessing full immunity to vaccinia-variola virus.

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Effects ofMentha suaveolensEssential Oil onChlamydia trachomatis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/508071 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rosa Sessa ◽

Marisa Di Pietro ◽

Fiorenzo De Santis ◽

Simone Filardo ◽

Rino Ragno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Developmental Cycle ◽

Elementary Body ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Common Cause ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Reticulate Body ◽

Preventative Strategy

Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infection worldwide, has a unique biphasic developmental cycle alternating between the infectious elementary body and the replicative reticulate body.C. trachomatisis responsible for severe reproductive complications including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and obstructive infertility. The aim of our study was to evaluate whetherMentha suaveolensessential oil (EOMS) can be considered as a promising candidate for preventingC. trachomatisinfection. Specifically, we investigated thein vitroeffects of EOMS towardsC. trachomatisanalysing the different phases of chlamydial developmental cycle. Our results demonstrated that EOMS was effective towardsC. trachomatis, whereby it not only inactivated infectious elementary bodies but also inhibited chlamydial replication. Our study also revealed the effectiveness of EOMS, in combination with erythromycin, towardsC. trachomatiswith a substantial reduction in the minimum effect dose of antibiotic. In conclusion, EOMS treatment may represent a preventative strategy since it may reduceC. trachomatistransmission in the population and, thereby, reduce the number of new chlamydial infections and risk of developing of severe sequelae.

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Chlamydial infection and disease in the koala

Microbiology Australia ◽

10.1071/ma05065 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Peter Timms

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Chlamydial Infection ◽

Developmental Cycle ◽

Elementary Body ◽

Obligate Intracellular ◽

Molecular Approaches ◽

Reticulate Body ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Family ◽

Serious Disease

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens able to infect and cause serious disease in humans, birds and a remarkably wide range of warm and cold-blooded animals. The family Chlamydiaciae have traditionally been defined by their unique biphasic developmental cycle, involving the interconversion between an extracellular survival form, the elementary body and an intracellular replicative form, the reticulate body. However, as with many other bacteria, molecular approaches including 16SrRNA sequence are becoming the standard of choice. As a consequence, the chlamydiae are in a taxonomic state of flux. Prior to 1999, the family Chlamydiaceae consisted of one genus, Chlamydia, and four species, Chlamydia trachomatis, C. psittaci, C. pecorum and C. pneumoniae. In 1999, Everett et al proposed a reclassification of Chlamydia into two genera (Chlamydia and Chlamydophila) and nine species (Chlamydia trachomatis, C. suis, and C. muridarum and Chlamydophila psittaci, C. pneumoniae, C. felis, C. pecorum, C. abortus, and C. caviae). While some of these species are thought to be host specific (C. suis ? pigs, C. muridarum ? mice, C. felis ? cats, C. caviae ? guinea pigs) many are known to infect and cause disease in a wide range of hosts.

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Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR).

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.8.4.451 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 451-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 495

Author(s):

C C Kuo ◽

L A Jackson ◽

L A Campbell ◽

J T Grayston

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

The United States ◽

Elementary Body ◽

Acute Respiratory Disease ◽

Dna Homology ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Chlamydial Species ◽

Serologic Assay ◽

Pcr Techniques

Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the DNA homology with those species. The organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. In children, TWAR infection is usually mild or asymptomatic, but it may be more severe in adults. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common clinical manifestations of infection, and TWAR is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of pneumonia and 5% of cases of bronchitis in the United States. The microimmunofluorescence serologic assay is specific for TWAR and can distinguish between recent and past infections. The organism can be isolated in cell culture; however, PCR techniques have recently facilitated its detection in tissues and clinical specimens.

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ESTIMATION OF THE PURITY OF PREPARATIONS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.70.4.379 ◽

1939 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 379-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Joseph E. Smadel ◽

Thomas M. Rivers ◽

Edward G. Pickels

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Elementary Body ◽

High Degree

A method of estimating the purity of preparations of elementary bodies of vaccinia is described. It depends on the comparison of the number of infective units of virus in a given material with the number of elementary bodies. The latter figure is estimated from the dry weight of the preparation by means of a calculated value for the weight of a single dehydrated elementary body. Values for the ratio of infective units of vaccine virus to elementary bodies varied between 1 : 2.4 and 1 : 9.2 in seven consecutive experiments; the average was 1:4.2. These ratios indicate a high degree of purity of the preparation. Moreover, they indicate that a relatively high percentage of the elementary bodies in the preparations was infective.

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THE EFFECT OF TRACHOMA VIRUS VACCINE ON THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACHOMA INFECTION IN BLIND HUMAN VOLUNTEERS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.115.5.1009 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 1009-1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J. Thomas Grayston ◽

San-Pin Wang ◽

Yen-Fei Yang ◽

Robert L. Woolridge

Keyword(s):

Clinical Picture ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Adenovirus Type ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Elementary Body ◽

Laboratory Findings ◽

Simple Method ◽

Sulfa Drug ◽

Course Of Illness ◽

Human Volunteers

The TRIC-Taiwan-1-1958 strain of elementary body virus isolated from a trachoma patient on Taiwan has been proven capable of reproducing trachoma by experimental inoculation of six human volunteers. Virus material derived from the seventh passage in embryonated hen eggs caused the clinical picture of trachoma in every inoculation, even at the dilution of 10–4 of infected yolk sacs (approximately 1 EID50). There was a similar clinical picture with each inoculation beginning with an acute follicular conjunctivitis which progressed for 4 months and then persisted with chronic changes until 9 months when treatment was begun. The illness was generally more acute than would be expected in natural trachoma. That trachoma was reproduced was shown by the involvement of the cornea with epithelial keratitis and pannus, and by the occurrence of gelatinous follicles and eventual cicatrization of the conjunctiva. These clinical findings were supported by repeated demonstrations of typical inclusion bodies of Halberstaedter-Prowazek from conjunctival and even corneal cells, by repeated reisolation of elementary body virus in egg yolk sacs, and by the development of complement-fixing antibody with a "specific" trachoma antigen in each volunteer. Control inoculations with adenovirus type 4 and normal yolk sac showed different clinical and laboratory findings. Experimental trachoma vaccine was given to three of the volunteers to study its effect on the course of illness. An antibody response to the vaccine was demonstrated and there was a modification of disease in the volunteers receiving vaccine. While the three volunteers who received placebo each developed cross-infection of their uninoculated eye and had an acute reactivation of the bilateral disease after 1 to 2 months of antibiotic eye ointment therapy, the vaccinated volunteers remained free of infection in uninoculated eyes and showed no relapse after ointment therapy. Treatment with sulfamethoxypyridazine, a sulfa drug with prolonged action, proved to be an effective and relatively simple method of therapy for experimental trachoma.

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