Ultrastructural immunohistochemistry of noncollagenous proteins in calcified tissues

Abstract The medical imaging field has grown significantly in recent years and demands high accuracy since it deals with human life. The idea is to reduce human error as much as possible by assisting physicians and radiologists with some automatic techniques. The use of artificial intelligent techniques has shown great potential in this field. Hence, in this paper the neuro fuzzy classifier is applied for the automated characterization of atheromatous plaque to identify the fibrotic, lipidic and calcified tissues in Intravascular Ultrasound images (IVUS) which is designed using sixteen inputs, corresponds to sixteen pixels of instantaneous scanning matrix, one output that tells whether the pixel under consideration is Fibrotic, Lipidic, Calcified or Normal pixel. The classification performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy and the results confirmed that the proposed system has potential in detecting the respective plaque with the average accuracy of 98.9%.

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Effect of Crystal Growth on the Comparative Fixation of Sr89 and Ca45 by Calcified Tissues

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61740-0 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 236 (10) ◽

pp. 2804-2806

Author(s):

R.C. Likins ◽

A.S. Posner ◽

Boris Paretzkin ◽

Ann P. Frost

Keyword(s):

Crystal Growth ◽

Calcified Tissues

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Histomorphometric Analysis of Osseointegrated Grade V Titanium Mini Transitional Implants in Edentulous Mandible by Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy (BS-SEM)

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11010002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Víctor Beltrán ◽

Benjamín Weber ◽

Ricardo Lillo ◽

María-Cristina Manzanares ◽

Cristina Sanzana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Mechanical Load ◽

Histomorphometric Analysis ◽

Woven Bone ◽

Edentulous Mandible ◽

Calcified Tissues ◽

Backscattered Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron

The purpose of this study is to assess the use of grade V titanium mini transitional implants (MTIs) immediately loaded by a temporary overdenture. For this, a histomorphometric analysis of the bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) was performed by backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BS-SEM). Four female patients were submitted to surgery in which two MTIs were installed and immediately loaded with a temporary acrylic prosthesis. During the same surgery, two regular diameter implants were placed inside the bone and maintained without mechanical load. After 8 months, the MTIs were extracted using a trephine and processed for ultrastructural bone analysis by BS-SEM, and the regular-diameter implants were loaded with an overdenture device. A total of 243 BAFOs of MTIs were analyzed, of which 94 were mainly filled with cortical bone, while 149 were mainly filled with trabecular bone. Bone tissue analysis considering the total BAFOs with calcified tissues showed 72.13% lamellar bone, 26.04% woven bone, and 1.82% chondroid bone without significant differences between the samples. This study revealed that grade V titanium used in immediately loaded MTI was successfully osseointegrated by a mature and vascularized bone tissue as assessed from the BAFO.

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OBSERVATIONS IMPLICATING AN EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMIC MECHANISM OF CONTROL OF BONE MORPHOGENESIS

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/22.2.88 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 88-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

MARSHALL R. URIST ◽

HISASHI IWATA ◽

STUART D. BOYD ◽

PETER L. CECCOTTI ◽

MARLYS OKADA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Reactions ◽

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Ammonium Bromide ◽

Property A ◽

Noncollagenous Proteins ◽

Buffer Solutions ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Chloroform Methanol

Data on physicochemical conditions leading to loss of the bone morphogenetic property of bone matrix in neutral buffer solutions support the concept of an enzymic control mechanism better than a chemical blocking reaction or denaturation. The loss is associated with release of 35S-labeled constituents and not prevented by ε-amino caproic acid, an inhibitor of cathepsins. The loss is also associated with release of 35S-cysteine-labeled protein; about 60% of the yield is sustained by the addition of only 3 mmoles/liter of iodoacetic acid. A latent period of about 12 hr, decreased by extraction of bone matrix with CaCl2, is characterized by release of protein polysaccharide and other noncollagenous proteins. Release of sialic acid from the bone matrix by neuraminidase at pH 7.4 has no effect upon bone yield. At 2°C, Tris-HCl buffer or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extracts noncollagenous proteins without loss of bone yield; at 37°C, pH 7.4, these solutions also activate endogenous enzymes and reduce bone yield. The component of bone matrix responsible for reduction in bone yield is separable from bone matrix by extraction with phosphate buffer, by catheptic digestion of bone matrix in acidic buffer solutions, by sequential chemical extraction of noncollagenous proteins with cold slightly acidic salt solutions or by extraction-denaturation with chloroform-methanol. Detergents neither extinguish nor denature the morphogenetic property but some solubilize or extract degradative enzymes; hexodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, at pH 5.0, is positively charged and extracts hydrophobic proteins, including part of the bone morphogenetic property. A special selection of sulfhydryl chemical inhibitors remarkably different from the selection inhibiting known enzymes preserves the bone morphogenetic property of bone matrix; p-chloromercuribenzoate preservation is reversible by chemical reactions with cysteine. Reduction in bone yield in phosphate buffer is not attributable to a chemical block because chloroform-methanol extraction of the agent does not restore bone yield and is not attributable to denaturation because bone yield sustained by p-chloromercuribenzoate is lost by chemical reactions with cysteine. An hypothetical insoluble bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) firmly bound to collagen is degraded by a soluble neutral proteinase (BMPase). Digestion of the hypothetical BMP occurs without loss of the 640-A electron micrographic image of bone collagen, resembles tryptic digestion and is more selective as well as physiologic in action.

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Recruitment of osteoclast precursors by purified bone matrix constituents.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.92.1.227 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

pp. 227-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 181

Author(s):

J D Malone ◽

S L Teitelbaum ◽

G L Griffin ◽

R M Senior ◽

A J Kahn

Keyword(s):

Type I Collagen ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Chemotactic Response ◽

Type I ◽

Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽

Blood Monocytes ◽

Noncollagenous Proteins ◽

Osteoclast Precursors ◽

Collagen Peptides

The osteoclast, the multinucleated giant cell of bone, is derived from circulating blood cells, most likely monocytes. Evidence has accrued that is consistent with the hypothesis that the recruitment of monocytes for osteoclast development occurs by chemotaxis. In the present study, we have examined the chemotactic response of human peripheral blood monocytes and related polymorphonuclear leucocytes to three constituents of bone matrix: peptides from Type I collagen, alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, and osteocalcin (bone gla protein). The latter two substances are among the major noncollagenous proteins of bone and are uniquely associated with calcified connective tissue. In chemotaxis assays using modified Boyden chambers, Type I collagen peptides, alpha 2HS glycoprotein, and osteocalcin evoke a dose-dependent chemotactic response in human monocytes. No chemotaxis is observed on PMNs despite their ontogenetic relationship to monocytes and their documented sensitivity to a broad range of other chemical substances. Our observations are consistent with the view that osteoclast precursors (monocytes) are mobilized by chemotaxis, and suggest that the chemoattractants responsible for this activity are derived from the bone matrix or, in the case of collagen and osteocalcin; directly from the osteoblasts which produce them.

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Free radicals and food irradiation

Biochemical Society Symposium ◽

10.1042/bss0610247 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 247-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

"N.J.F. Dodd

Keyword(s):

Free Radicals ◽

Radiation Dosimetry ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Food Irradiation ◽

Specific Method ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Spin Resonance ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Calcified Tissues ◽

Control Insect

Ionizing radiation can be used to control insect and microbial infestation of foodstuffs, inhibit sprouting, delay ripening and reduce the dangers from food-poisoning bacteria. Irradiation produces free radicals, most of which decay rapidly, although some are more persistent. These latter radicals can be detected and characterized by electron spin resonance (ESR). In bone and other calcified tissues, the radiation-induced radicals are distinguishable from naturally occurring radicals, and their stability makes them ideal for radiation dosimetry. The radicals induced in plant material, such as seeds and dried spices, are generally indistinguishable from the endogenous radicals and decay over a period of days or weeks. However, in many of these materials, a radiation-specific radical can be detected at low concentration, thereby permitting identification of irradiated samples, although precluding accurate dosimetry. ESR, although not universally applicable, currently provides the most specific method for the detection of irradiated food.

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A Novel Self-Assembled Collagenous Matrix which Serves as a Template for Oriented Growth of Hydroxyapatite Crystal

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-414-29 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 414 ◽

Author(s):

D. L. Christiansen ◽

G. D. Pins ◽

E. K. Huang ◽

F. H. Silver

Keyword(s):

Type I Collagen ◽

Double Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Chamber ◽

Uniaxial Tensile ◽

Type I ◽

Oriented Growth ◽

Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽

Hydroxyapatite Crystal ◽

Self Assembled ◽

Calcified Tissues

AbstractCollagen fibers self-assembled from solutions of molecular type I collagen were mineralized at pH 9.5, by exposure to super-saturated solutions of calcium and phosphate for a one week period in a double diffusion chamber. Uniaxial tensile mechanical properties increased with mineralization and electron microscopy of the mineral formed within the fiber was morphologically similar to the mineral phase of calcified tissues. Selected area electron diffraction confirms the presence of hydroxyapatite crystal. Further, the aligned fibrillar substructure serves as a template for the orientation of the c-axis diffraction maxima of the hydroxyapatite. These results indicate that an aligned system composed exclusively of selfassembled type I collagen fibrils serves as a scaffold for oriented growth of mineral analogous to calcification in vertebrate bone.

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