Policy and Strategy for Controlling the Tobacco Epidemic in Developing Countries

1995 ◽  
pp. 285-286
Author(s):  
José Rosemberg
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic

Policy Perspectives and Strategy for Communication Data and Network Security Projects and Tools

2014 ◽  
pp. 386-399
Author(s):  
Inderjeet Singh Sodhi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Network Security ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Constant Increase ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Increasing Demand

This chapter highlights the constant increase in the number of attacks on computer network systems, which has pushed governments, researchers, and experts to devise better security policies and strategies. However, the rapid growth of systems, components, and services offered has increased the difficulty of administering them. In many organizations in developed and developing countries, more emphasis is being given on use of Automatic Computing for proper network security. The chapter clarifies how various projects and tools could be relevant for network security. The chapter provides insights about what steps have been taken for network security in a developing country like India. It looks into various strategies adopted for communication data and network security in India. It emphasizes that, with increasing demand for basic/citizen services over the Internet, it has become important to protect data and ensure efficient backup and data recovery. The chapter proposes a need for better and effective policy and strategy for communication data and network security to make the government citizen-oriented in developing countries.

Innovations in Mobile Broadband in Japan and its Implications to Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sheikh Taher Abu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Mobile Broadband ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Economic Technology

Japan has experienced two developmental stages in the mobile telephony innovation since 1979 when the first mobile phone was commercially launched. The stages can be identified as traditional mobile phone with only voice function and mobile phone with IP (Internet Protocol). This paper discusses how mobile phone with IP function offers diversified services, influences people’s daily lives by changing their ways of communication, and interaction by adopting mobile broadband. The paper examines key economic, technology and policy factors based on monthly datasets from 2000-2007 in the provision of both second (2G) and third generation (3G) mobile phones adoption. Particularly, the study uses a linear regression model and presents extended and reduced models using the Pearson correlation method. The results of the empirical study examine how innovations in services contribute to the mobile broadband deployment in Japan. Main findings of this study suggest policy and strategy implications for developing countries which are adopting IP functionality in mobile phones. The paper also presents brief recommendations for India’s 3G mobile phone adoptions in terms of opportunities, challenges, and policies which drive on growth.

scholarly journals Innovations in emerging markets: the case of mobile money

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Pelletier ◽  
Susanna Khavul ◽  
Saul Estrin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
Policy And Strategy

Abstract Mobile money is a financial innovation that provides transfers, payments, and other financial services at a low or zero cost to individuals in developing countries where banking and capital markets are deficient and financial inclusion is low. We use transaction costs and institutional theories to explain the growth and impact of mobile money. Having developed a new archival dataset that tracks mobile money deployment across 90 emerging economies during 16 years between 2000 and 2015, we address the question of relative economic impact of the banking and telecoms sectors in the provision of mobile money. We show that telecom groups and not banks are more likely to launch mobile money in countries where legal rights are weaker and credit information less prevalent. However, it is when mobile money is offered via a banking channel that the spillover effects on the economy are greater. Findings have significant implications for policy and strategy.

Innovations in Mobile Broadband in Japan and its Implications to Developing Countries

2013 ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Sheikh Taher Abu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Mobile Broadband ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Economic Technology

Japan has experienced two developmental stages in the mobile telephony innovation since 1979 when the first mobile phone was commercially launched. The stages can be identified as traditional mobile phone with only voice function and mobile phone with IP (Internet Protocol). This paper discusses how mobile phone with IP function offers diversified services, influences people’s daily lives by changing their ways of communication, and interaction by adopting mobile broadband. The paper examines key economic, technology and policy factors based on monthly datasets from 2000-2007 in the provision of both second (2G) and third generation (3G) mobile phones adoption. Particularly, the study uses a linear regression model and presents extended and reduced models using the Pearson correlation method. The results of the empirical study examine how innovations in services contribute to the mobile broadband deployment in Japan. Main findings of this study suggest policy and strategy implications for developing countries which are adopting IP functionality in mobile phones. The paper also presents brief recommendations for India’s 3G mobile phone adoptions in terms of opportunities, challenges, and policies which drive on growth.

Legislation for National Library Services in Developing Countries

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lor
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Political Process ◽  
National Policy ◽  
National Library ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fundamental Reflection ◽  
Information Materials ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
National Libraries

An effective national library needs adequate resources and appropriate powers and status, which ideally should be enshrined in national legislation. Crucial elements are the national library's relationship with the state, its authority, and its autonomy. If these are well-founded the library's funding and accountability, its ability to carry through national and international cooperative work, and its freedom to determine priorities and allocate resources flexibly are all safeguarded. In developing countries, national libraries often discharge their responsibilities through a national library service (NLS), via a network of branch and affiliated libraries. The main sections of a typical NLS statute are the definition of terms relating to information materials, their format, reproduction and dissemination; the designation of the institution (if new) as the NLS; the aims of the NLS, neither too restrictive nor unrealistically broad, but taking a long-term view; a statement of functions which indicates in outline the tasks and activities of the NLS in pursuing its aims; the status and powers of the NLS; its governance, including the parent ministry and governing board; its personnel structures and policies, especially the vital issue of its director; collections and other assets; services; and finally financing, organization, and regulations. All this presupposes consultation on national policy and strategy within a political process which will require some compromises. Clear and explicit drafting following fundamental reflection on the nature and purpose of an NLS is therefore essential.

scholarly journals Role of Pictorial Warning on Cigarette Packets in Tobacco Cessation: A Questionnaire Survey Among Cigarette Smokers in Chennai, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 28s-28s ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Quit Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Tobacco is used in various forms (smoking/smokeless forms) all over the world today. The World Health Organization reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and estimates that it currently causes 5.4 million deaths per year. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in developed countries. However, they continue to rise in the developing countries. As in other developing countries, India too suffers a stage of the tobacco epidemic, hosting nearly 17% of the world´s smokers, with the number constantly on the rise. According to the report of the Tobacco Control in India, 800,000-900,000 Indians die annually due to diseases attributable to tobacco. Among these deaths, 50% are due to cancer and 40% are other reported health-related problems such as cardiovascular and lung disorders. Tobacco is used by various groups of people irrespective of their social, economic or educational background, and majority of them use it despite knowing the hazards to their health. Warning labels on cigarette packages are meant to communicate such smoking-associated risks. The study is designed to find out the effectiveness of pictorial warnings present on cigarette packets in India for tobacco cessation among cigarette smokers. Methodology: A questionnaire was distributed to 800 current smokers attending an outpatient department of a college. Statistical analysis was done to find association between socioeconomic status and effectiveness of pictures to quit cigarette smoking. Results: 48% smokers perceive text warning is an efficient method to create awareness. 56% emphasized the importance of pictorial warning and greater area to be covered. 43% felt that warning on cigarette packets helped them to quit smoking. Conclusions: Though pictorial warning is an effective method to improve the awareness among smokers on the ill effects of smoking, the size, area covered and the position of the picture on cigarette packets needs to be reviewed to improve the quit rate.

scholarly journals The Influence of Tax Knowledge on Tax Compliance Behaviour: A Case of Yemeni Individual Taxpayers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Lutfi Hassen Ali Al-Ttaffi ◽  
Saeed Awadh Bin-Nashwan ◽  
Muneer Rajab Amrah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Compliance Behaviour

This paper aims to enhance the understanding of tax compliance behaviour of individual Yemeni taxpayers. It investigated the influence of tax knowledge on the behaviour of taxpayers. A survey was used to collect the required data. The major finding of this study is that tax knowledge of citizens has a significant influence on their likely compliance behaviour. Specifically, compliance behaviour increases when tax knowledge is higher. This study is probably among the first to investigate and to provide evidence on the influence of citizens tax knowledge on tax compliance behaviour in Yemen. The outputs of this study could serve as a useful input, not only for tax policy and strategy in Yemen, but also in other developing countries. Thus, governments are recommended to work on increasing tax knowledge of its citizens which will result in improving the level of tax compliance.

scholarly journals Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Goodchild ◽  
Nigar Nargis ◽  
Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic

BackgroundThe detrimental impact of smoking on health has been widely documented since the 1960s. Numerous studies have also quantified the economic cost that smoking imposes on society. However, these studies have mostly been in high income countries, with limited documentation from developing countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in countries throughout the world, including in low- and middle-income settings.MethodsThe Cost of Illness approach is used to estimate the economic cost of smoking attributable-diseases in 2012. Under this approach, economic costs are defined as either ‘direct costs' such as hospital fees or ‘indirect costs’ representing the productivity loss from morbidity and mortality. The same method was applied to 152 countries, which had all the necessary data, representing 97% of the world's smokers.FindingsThe amount of healthcare expenditure due to smoking-attributable diseases totalled purchasing power parity (PPP) $467 billion (US$422 billion) in 2012, or 5.7% of global health expenditure. The total economic cost of smoking (from health expenditures and productivity losses together) totalled PPP $1852 billion (US$1436 billion) in 2012, equivalent in magnitude to 1.8% of the world's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Almost 40% of this cost occurred in developing countries, highlighting the substantial burden these countries suffer.ConclusionsSmoking imposes a heavy economic burden throughout the world, particularly in Europe and North America, where the tobacco epidemic is most advanced. These findings highlight the urgent need for countries to implement stronger tobacco control measures to address these costs.

scholarly journals Local Determinants of Tobacco Use in Pakistan and the Importance of Context

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Chee Keng Lee ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Muhammad Amir Khan ◽  
Maqsood Ahmed ◽  
Shafiq-Ur-Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Cessation Treatment ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Contextual Appropriateness

AbstractIntroduction:The tobacco epidemic is surging in developing countries. While the determinants of tobacco use are well known, it is less certain whether they are similar in developed and developing countries. This has important ramifications for the implementation of interventions locally. This qualitative study explored the determinants and importance of context on tobacco use in Pakistan.Methods:Focus group discussions were conducted in two districts with doctors, nurses and patients from local tuberculosis clinics.Results:Peer influence, social acceptability, affordability and visibility of tobacco, public understanding and personal perception of risks influence tobacco use. Individual factors, such as personal curiosity, adversity and stress, also affected tobacco uptake and use. Patients were willing to pay for effective cessation treatment provided the costs were comparable to their expenditure on tobacco.Discussion:Factors such as peer and social influences are similar to those reported elsewhere. However, local variations exist in the degree of sociocultural acceptability, visibility of tobacco use, public understanding of risks and individual situational factors that influence tobacco use. Patients are prepared to pay for treatment, but there are gender differences in what can be afforded. For tobacco cessation interventions to be effective, local adaptations are essential to ensure cultural and contextual appropriateness.

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