Role of Forests in Major Element Cycles: Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen

1981 ◽  
pp. 11-31
Author(s):  
William H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Major Element

Application of the Vineyard Geologic Identity Concept to Two Marquette-producing Vineyards in the Champlain Valley, Vermont, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Laser Scattering ◽  
Physical Foundation ◽  
Geologic Setting ◽  
Marine Embayment ◽  
Future Work

<p>The concept of “Vineyard Geological Identity” (VGI) was introduced (Ferretti, 2019: <em>Catena</em>) in recognition of the role of geologic setting in contributing to fertility, hydrology, and other important aspects of vineyard soils.  This study applied the VGI concept to two vineyards in the Champlain Valley of Vermont, USA where a burgeoning wine-making industry has been catalyzed by the development of French-American hybrid grape variety capable of surviving cold winters and bringing fruit to ripeness in relatively cool summers.  The vineyards studied here, “LP” and “SV”, both produce the hybrid grape known as “Marquette”, are at a similar elevation (~100 m), have a similar macroclimate (MAT ~7 °C, MAP ~ 850 mm, ~1400 GDD), and were inundated by proglacial Lake Vermont during deglaciation (~15,000 years ago).  Notable differences between the sites are the lithology of the underlying bedrock (Ordovician carbonate at LP, and Cambrian quartzite at SV), and the fact that the SV site was located at the edge of a marine embayment at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition after Lake Vermont drained.  The hypothesis tested was the prediction that despite their broadly similar physical settings and geologic histories, the VGI of the two vineyards would vary as a result of differences in their underlying bedrock and the soil parent materials at these settings.  Samples were collected at depths of 25, 50, 75, and 100 cm from 10 locations within the Marquette block at in each vineyard.  All samples were evaluated for grain size distribution (with the hydrometer method and a laser scattering analyzer), thermogravimetric analysis (from 25 to 1000 °C), pH, nutrient status, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity.  The deepest samples were also analyzed for mineralogy (with XRD) and major element chemistry (with XRF).  Results confirm the tested hypothesis.  Most base cations are significantly more abundant in the samples from the LP site (reflecting the underlying carbonate bedrock), and the LP site is significantly finer grained (reflecting its former deepwater location in Lake Vermont).  Conversely, at the SV vineyard Na is significantly more abundant and samples are significantly coarser, consistent with the former location of this site in the nearshore zone of a marine embayment.  In future work these results could be used as a physical foundation for evaluating the possible role of terroir in controlling aspects of the flavors expressed in Marquette wines from these two vineyards.</p>

The role of magma injection and crystal sorting in the formation of early gabbros at the Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 715-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-hua Cao ◽  
David J. Good ◽  
Robert L. Linnen ◽  
Iain M. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Mineral Chemistry ◽  
Ultramafic Rocks ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Olivine Gabbro ◽  
Additional Observation ◽  
Midcontinent Rift ◽  
Layered Series ◽  
Incompatible Elements

The Layered Series of the Midcontinent Rift related Coldwell Complex comprises thick sections of gabbro, without any known associated ultramafic rocks. It represents a major early intrusive unit of the Coldwell Complex and consists of thick accumulations of olivine gabbro and oxide augite melatroctolite. This study combines petrography, mineral chemistry, and lithogeochemistry to constrain the magma composition and petrogenesis of the Layered Series. The presence of cumulus orthoclase together with the observation that the Layered Series rocks plot in the alkaline field on a total alkali–silica diagram indicate that the Layered Series magma has an alkaline parentage. The stratigraphy of the Layered Series cannot be fully correlated between different areas using lithogeochemistry and mineral chemistry. This together with observed normal and reverse trends for mineral chemical compositions in different areas suggest that the processes related to magma emplacement and crystallization were different in different locations. The whole-rock concentrations of incompatible elements and the compositions of major minerals of the olivine gabbro and oxide augite melatroctolite units are chemically similar. However, major element lithogeochemistry is variable, dominantly due to differences in the abundances of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and magnetite. An additional observation is that olivine and clinopyroxene are not in chemical equilibrium. Together, these observations are interpreted to reflect a combination of multiple injections of magma and crystal sorting in an open system.

The role of fractional crystallization and late-stage peralkaline melt segregation in the mineralogical evolution of Cenozoic nephelinites/phonolites from Saghro (SE Morocco)

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Berger ◽  
N. Ennih ◽  
J.-C. C. Mercier ◽  
J.-P. LiéGeois ◽  
D. Demaiffe
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Nepheline Syenite ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Eudialyte Group ◽  
Intermediate Composition ◽  
Group Mineral ◽  
Melt Segregation ◽  
Evolution Trend

The Saghro Cenozoic lavas form a bimodal suite of nephelinites (with carbonatite xenoliths) and phonolites emplaced in the Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco. Despite the paucity of samples with intermediate composition between the two main types of lava (only one phonotephrite flow is reported in this area), whole-rock major element modelling shows that the two main lithologies can be linked by fractional crystallization. The most primitive modelled cumulates are calcite-bearing olivine clinopyroxenites, whereas the final stages of differentiation are characterized by the formation of nepheline-syenite cumulates. This evolution trend is classically observed in plutonic alkaline massifs associated with carbonatites. Late-stage evolution is responsible for the crystallization of hainite- and delhayelite-bearing microdomains, for the transformation of aegirine-augite into aegirine (or augite into aegirine-augite), and for the crystallization of lorenzenite and a eudialyte-group mineral as replacement products of titanite. These phases were probably formed, either by crystallization from late residual peralkaline melts, or by reaction of pre-existing minerals with such melt, or hydrothermal peralkaline fluid.

scholarly journals Repellents as a major element in the context of prevention of tick-borne diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
Marta Przygodzka ◽  
Ewa Mikulak ◽  
Tomasz Chmielewski ◽  
Aleksandra Gliniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Major Element ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Fatal Course ◽  
Epidemiological Significance

In Poland, out of the 21 species of ticks described, two species have the greatest epidemiological significance: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. Their participation in the transmission of etiologic agents of vector diseases such as Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, rickettsiosis and many others is widely known. Due to the often severe and sometimes fatal course of diseases transmitted by ticks, a great deal of emphasis is placed on prophylactic activities, minimizing the possibility of biting and transfering pathogens along with the arachnid saliva. In addition to means of personal protection, including appropriate clothing, protective vaccinations, avoiding tick habitats or body checking after returning from this type of places, one of the most important elements of anti-tick prevention is the use of effective repellents. The key role of using the repellent is to discourage the arthropod from attacking and to prevent it from taking food, as a result of which there is no phenomenon of transmission of pathogens from the hematophage to the host organism. The most commonly used substances with arthropod repellent properties are: N-N-diethylm-toluamide (DEET), 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl) aminopropionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535), icaridine, permethrin and essential oils. However, it should be remembered that no repellent ever protects 100% all the time after application - its use should be considered as one of many elements of personal protection in the prevention of tick bites.

Lyndon Johnson’s Food Aid Battles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Riley
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Rights Issues

Johnson made food aid a major element of his foreign relations with several countries. He saw it as a tool, an inducement, a reward or a cudgel. As a product of Senate leadership, he knew how important the role of Congress was in approving and funding his many initiatives, and he sought to ensure that he was not viewed as a “dewy-eyed, give-away boy.” He had to be seen as a tough guy even though he was, at heart, quite a benevolent person. Critics of food aid were suggesting that it could do more harm than good when used outside narrowly defined situations requiring emergency relief. Johnson paid them little heed. He fought with Congress over control of food aid, losing several battle and winning others. His liberal stance on domestic human rights issues lost him votes among conservatives in Congress on his desired food aid reforms.

The rRNA enhancer regulates rRNA transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1283-1289
Author(s):  
B E Morrow ◽  
S P Johnson ◽  
J R Warner
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Rrna Transcription ◽  
Enhancer Function

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the rRNA genes are organized as a tandem array of head-to-tail repeats. An enhancer of rRNA transcription is present just at the end of each transcription unit, 2 kb away from the next one. This enhancer is unusual for S. cerevisiae in that it acts both upstream and downstream of, and even across, genes. The role of the enhancer in the nutritional regulation of rRNA transcription was studied by introducing a centromere plasmid carrying two rRNA minigenes in tandem, flanking a single enhancer, into cells. Analysis of the transcripts from the two minigenes showed that the enhancer was absolutely required for the stimulation of transcription of rRNA that occurs when cells are shifted from a poor carbon source to a good carbon source. While full enhancer function is provided by a 45-bp region at the 3' end of the 190-bp enhancer, some activity was also conferred by other elements, including both a T-rich stretch and a region containing the binding sites for the proteins Reb1p and Abf1p. We conclude that the enhancer is composed of redundant elements and that it is a major element in the regulation of rRNA transcription.

scholarly journals The rRNA enhancer regulates rRNA transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1283-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
B E Morrow ◽  
S P Johnson ◽  
J R Warner
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Rrna Transcription ◽  
Enhancer Function

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the rRNA genes are organized as a tandem array of head-to-tail repeats. An enhancer of rRNA transcription is present just at the end of each transcription unit, 2 kb away from the next one. This enhancer is unusual for S. cerevisiae in that it acts both upstream and downstream of, and even across, genes. The role of the enhancer in the nutritional regulation of rRNA transcription was studied by introducing a centromere plasmid carrying two rRNA minigenes in tandem, flanking a single enhancer, into cells. Analysis of the transcripts from the two minigenes showed that the enhancer was absolutely required for the stimulation of transcription of rRNA that occurs when cells are shifted from a poor carbon source to a good carbon source. While full enhancer function is provided by a 45-bp region at the 3' end of the 190-bp enhancer, some activity was also conferred by other elements, including both a T-rich stretch and a region containing the binding sites for the proteins Reb1p and Abf1p. We conclude that the enhancer is composed of redundant elements and that it is a major element in the regulation of rRNA transcription.

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