Tomography of the Ie-Re and L-Sigma Planes

We have analyzed the distribution of early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the effective surface intensity vs. effective radius (Ie−Re) plane and in the total luminosity vs. central stellar velocity dispersion (L−σ) diagram, with the aim of studying the physical variables that allow the transformation of one space-parameter into the other. We find that the classical Faber–Jackson relation L=L0σα, in which the parameters L0 and α are confined in a small range of possible values, is incompatible with the distribution observed in the Ie−Re plane. The two distributions become mutually consistent only if luminosity is not considered a pure proxy of mass but a variable tightly dependent on the past history of mass assembling and star formation and on the present evolutionary state of the stellar content of a galaxy. The solution comes by considering the L=L0′σβ law proposed by D’Onofrio et al. in 2020, in which both L0′ and β can vary considerably from galaxy to galaxy. We will also show that the data of the Illustris numerical simulation prove the physical foundation of the L=L0′σβ law and confirm the prediction of the Zone of Exclusion (ZoE) originating from the intersection of the virial law with the L=L0′σβ relation. The ZoE is the region in the Ie−Re and Re−Ms diagrams avoided by real galaxies, and the border of which marks the condition of ‘full’ virial equilibrium with no recent significant merger events and no undergoing star formation.

A comparative study on the stress image and adaptive parameter-modified methods for implementing free surface boundary conditions in elastic wave numerical modeling

The stress image method is a simple and effective approach for implementing the free surface boundary conditions in elastic wave numerical modeling. This method assumes that the normal and shear stresses perpendicular to the free surface are antisymmetric with respect to the free surface. In this way, the values of the normal and shear stresses above the free surface can be updated. However, the stress image method is based on an intuitive viewpoint and lacks a physical foundation. The adaptive parameter-modified method is a recently proposed approach for implementing the free surface boundary conditions. Through adaptive modifications of the density and elastic parameters at the free surface, the implementation of the free surface boundary conditions is achieved. Based on the adaptive parameter-modified method, a new interpretation of the stress image method is used. We determine that the stress image method is equivalent to the adaptive parameter-modified method in terms of the staggered-grid finite-difference scheme for the elastic wave equation in displacement form. This result provides a physical foundation and explanation of the stress image method. Therefore, we can further develop the stress image method from a physical viewpoint. Numerical examples are also developed to perform the theoretical analysis.

Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics: Boltzmann’s versus Planck’s State Definitions and Counting

During the physical foundation of his radiation formula in his December 1900 talk and subsequent 1901 article, Planck refers to Boltzmann’s 1877 combinatorial-probabilistic treatment and obtains his quantum distribution function, while Boltzmann did not. For this, Boltzmann’s memoirs are usually ascribed to classical statistical mechanics. Agreeing with Bach, it is shown that Boltzmann’s 1868 and 1877 calculations can lead to a Planckian distribution function, where those of 1868 are even closer to Planck than that of 1877. Boltzmann’s and Planck’s calculations are compared based on Bach’s three-level scheme ‘configuration–occupation–occupancy’. Special attention is paid to the concepts of interchangeability and the indistinguishability of particles and states. In contrast to Bach, the level of exposition is most elementary. I hope to make Boltzmann’s work better known in English and to remove misunderstandings in the literature.

Application of the Vineyard Geologic Identity Concept to Two Marquette-producing Vineyards in the Champlain Valley, Vermont, USA

<p>The concept of “Vineyard Geological Identity” (VGI) was introduced (Ferretti, 2019: <em>Catena</em>) in recognition of the role of geologic setting in contributing to fertility, hydrology, and other important aspects of vineyard soils.  This study applied the VGI concept to two vineyards in the Champlain Valley of Vermont, USA where a burgeoning wine-making industry has been catalyzed by the development of French-American hybrid grape variety capable of surviving cold winters and bringing fruit to ripeness in relatively cool summers.  The vineyards studied here, “LP” and “SV”, both produce the hybrid grape known as “Marquette”, are at a similar elevation (~100 m), have a similar macroclimate (MAT ~7 °C, MAP ~ 850 mm, ~1400 GDD), and were inundated by proglacial Lake Vermont during deglaciation (~15,000 years ago).  Notable differences between the sites are the lithology of the underlying bedrock (Ordovician carbonate at LP, and Cambrian quartzite at SV), and the fact that the SV site was located at the edge of a marine embayment at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition after Lake Vermont drained.  The hypothesis tested was the prediction that despite their broadly similar physical settings and geologic histories, the VGI of the two vineyards would vary as a result of differences in their underlying bedrock and the soil parent materials at these settings.  Samples were collected at depths of 25, 50, 75, and 100 cm from 10 locations within the Marquette block at in each vineyard.  All samples were evaluated for grain size distribution (with the hydrometer method and a laser scattering analyzer), thermogravimetric analysis (from 25 to 1000 °C), pH, nutrient status, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity.  The deepest samples were also analyzed for mineralogy (with XRD) and major element chemistry (with XRF).  Results confirm the tested hypothesis.  Most base cations are significantly more abundant in the samples from the LP site (reflecting the underlying carbonate bedrock), and the LP site is significantly finer grained (reflecting its former deepwater location in Lake Vermont).  Conversely, at the SV vineyard Na is significantly more abundant and samples are significantly coarser, consistent with the former location of this site in the nearshore zone of a marine embayment.  In future work these results could be used as a physical foundation for evaluating the possible role of terroir in controlling aspects of the flavors expressed in Marquette wines from these two vineyards.</p>

Reform, revolution and reaction in the urban space of Madrid, de corte a checa (1938) by Agustín de Foxá

The first literary manifestations to emerge in the context of the Spanish Civil War endeavored to create a legitimizing discourse for each of two contending Spains, the National Spain and the Republican Spain, by means of poetic appropriation of urban spaces. Nevertheless, this was not a Spain divided only in two, between leftists and rightists or Socialists and Cedistas, but rather a territory comprised of many parallel wars sparked prior to 1936. According to historian Enrique Moradiellos, the nuclei of three disparate and opposing political agendas arose from the physical foundation of these two Spains, ‘the reformist-democratic, the reactionary-authoritarian and the revolutionary-collectivist [agendas] that responded to the same triad of models that emerged in Europe in the wake of the devastating impact of the Great War of 1914 and that competed to achieve political and institutional stabilization’ (2004: 125). This ‘reform, reaction and revolution’ triangle that acted as the protagonist of the Great War would also settle into the fratricidal spaces of Spain and its cultural products. In this context, my essay will analyse the mechanisms of appropriation of Madrid’s spaces employed by each of these three political agendas as they are presented in Madrid, de Corte a Checa (1938) by Agustín de Foxá. Following the map of the capital we will see how both, the agenda of a modern anti-traditional space driven by the Second Republic and the anti-bourgeois revolutionary agenda that stood for the destruction of the status quo and the implementation of a Communist Orthodox regime, present a threat to the conservative ideal that represented the monarcho-Catholic centralism of the third agenda. This threat is manifested in the dismantling of Madrid through the ‘de-Hispanicization’ (Foxá) of the mythical spaces of the sacred (churches and convents), historic (statues and palaces) and domestic (house interiors) cityscapes.

Amyloid conformation-dependent disaggregation revealed by a reconstituted yeast prion system

Disaggregation of amyloid fibrils is a fundamental biological process required for amyloid propagation. However, due to the lack of experimental systems, the molecular mechanism of how amyloid is disaggregated by cellular factors remains poorly understood. Here, we established a robust, in vitro reconstituted system of yeast prion propagation and found that Hsp104, Ssa1, and Sis1 chaperones are essential for efficient disaggregation of Sup35 amyloid. Real-time imaging of single-molecule fluorescence coupled with the reconstitution system revealed that amyloid disaggregation is achieved by ordered, timely binding of the chaperones to the amyloid. Remarkably, we uncovered two distinct, prion strain conformation-dependent modes of disaggregation, fragmentation and dissolution. We characterized distinct chaperon dynamics in each mode and found that transient, repeated binding of Hsp104 to the same site of amyloid results in fragmentation. These findings provide a physical foundation for otherwise puzzling in vivo observations and for therapeutic development for amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases.

HISTORY OF SURREALIST ANTI-MUSICALITY IN THE PRACTICES OF INNOVATIVE RUSSIAN POETRY

The article provides an overview of key studies of surrealist musicality, highlights the problem of non-acceptance by surrealism of music media, focuses on a historical discussion of the semantics and reality of sound itself as a phenomenon. It also analyzes the basic principles for the implementation of the surrealist antimusicality in the newest Russian poetry. Anti-musicality is now recognized as the principle of working with sound, bypassing the composer, audial culture, based on ideas about harmony and composition. It is in this anti-musical meaning that the musical code is used in poetic practices of the late 20th century, which destroy the reference narrative and overcome the principles of the classic surrealistic collage. The innovative poetic practice conceptualizes not so much ordered repetitive fragments of a statement as a pause between them, a silence. Such a quantization of aesthetic matter returns reflection to the theoretical horizon of understanding the medium, reduced to its physical foundation in order to further overcome it

A reductionistic and physicalistic understanding concerning consciousness - An explanatory framework

This article brings a new perspective on understanding consciousness, and it is an attempt to establish a reductionistic and physicalistic explanatory framework. It strives from two directions: (1) By studying the features of consciousness, we can formulate a theoretical model for consciousness. (2) Consciousness is existence, therefore, by asking what is existence in the physical world, we can distinguish three kinds of existence, by excluding the less feasible two of these three kinds, we can narrow the scope of research and focus on one of them. By figuring out the possible physical foundation, we can establish a concrete model to match the features of the theoretical model of consciousness. Base on this model, many phenomena can also be explained, such as, who or what am “I” (the self), why there is “something it is like”, What is the difference between conscious and unconscious, why digital computer cannot be conscious, etc.