Physiological Role of Fatty Acids in Infancy

1997 ◽  
pp. 361-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akie Yonekubo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological Role

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF FATTY ACIDS IN EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT (REVIEW)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (69) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Наталия Ишутина ◽  
Nataliya Ishutina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Visual Analyzer ◽  
Functional Development

The review provides information on the physiological role of medium-chain saturated and unsaturated (myristic, pentadecanoic) and long-chain (palmitic, stearic, oleic) fatty acids in embryonic development. The value of fatty acids in the formation of the lung surfactant of the developing fetus is shown. There is presented the information about the role of polyunsaturated acids of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic ω-6 family in the structural and functional development of the nervous system and the visual analyzer of the fetus and the newborn. The interdependent stimulating effect of unsaturated oleic and linoleic fatty acids on the differentiation of muscle cells is shown; the role of oleic and acids with 20 carbohydrate atoms in the mineralization of bone tissue is demonstrated; the value of oleic acid in the regulation of placental transport of amino acids through tol-like receptors 4 and cellular signaling is presented. The above mentioned factors allow drawing the conclusion about the need for further study of lipids as the main energy substrates, sources of plastic material, structural components of erythrocyte membranes, nerve tissue, visual analyzer, pulmonary surfactant and skeletal muscles. The accumulated data broadens the understanding of the role of lipids in metabolic processes, which will allow us to move from a fundamental research to practical aspects of the use of these substances in obstetrics and perinatology. In the long term, these results can be used to interpret and predict changes in metabolic disorders of lipids in various pathological conditions during pregnancy.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A prevents fatty acid-induced adipocyte dysfunction through suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase

2011 ◽  
Vol 435 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefei Gao ◽  
Kuai Li ◽  
Xiaoyan Hui ◽  
Xiangping Kong ◽  
Gary Sweeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition

The adipocyte is the principal cell type for fat storage. CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid β-oxidation, but the physiological role of CPT1 in adipocytes remains unclear. In the present study, we focused on the specific role of CPT1A in the normal functioning of adipocytes. Three 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell lines stably expressing hCPT1A (human CPT1A) cDNA, mouse CPT1A shRNA (short-hairpin RNA) or GFP (green fluorescent protein) were generated and the biological functions of these cell lines were characterized. Alteration in CPT1 activity, either by ectopic overexpression or pharmacological inhibition using etomoxir, did not affect adipocyte differentiation. However, overexpression of hCPT1A significantly reduced the content of intracellular NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) compared with the control cells when adipocytes were challenged with fatty acids. The changes were accompanied by an increase in fatty acid uptake and a decrease in fatty acid release. Interestingly, CPT1A protected against fatty acid-induced insulin resistance and expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines such as TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) in adipocytes. Further studies demonstrated that JNK (c-Jun N terminal kinase) activity was substantially suppressed upon CPT1A overexpression, whereas knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CPT1 caused a significant enhancement of JNK activity. The specific inhibitor of JNK SP600125 largely abolished the changes caused by the shRNA- and etomoxir-mediated decrease in CPT1 activity. Moreover, C2C12 myocytes co-cultured with adipocytes pre-treated with fatty acids displayed altered insulin sensitivity. Taken together, our findings have identified a favourable role for CPT1A in adipocytes to attenuate fatty acid-evoked insulin resistance and inflammation via suppression of JNK.

Nutritional management of the transition cow in the 21st century – a paradigm shift in thinking

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Roche ◽  
A. W. Bell ◽  
T. R. Overton ◽  
J. J. Loor
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Postpartum Health

The transition period is defined as the 6–8 weeks encompassing late pregnancy and early lactation, involving coordinated changes across multiple tissues and an enormous increase in nutrient requirements. Failure to transition successfully can result in reduced DM intake, milk production, delayed oestrus, failure to conceive and increased incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases, many of which are inter-related. Modern technologies have enabled the measurement of transcriptional changes in genes involved in multiple biochemical pathways across the transition period, enabling a better understanding of the implications of management and nutritional changes on cow health and productivity. Most recent research efforts have focussed on the association between pre-calving energy intake and postpartum health and productivity, with a general recognition that the positive relationship between pre-calving energy intake (and relevant circulating metabolites) and postpartum health and productivity is, for the most part, not causative (i.e. responses are very likely to reflect the same metabolic perturbation, but one is not necessarily the cause of the other). This effect is consistent in both grazing systems and in systems where cows are fed total mixed ration in confinement. These results require a paradigm shift in the extension message to farmers. Because of the focus on energy nutrition, there has been only limited recent research on the requirements of cows for protein, with recommendations based largely on predicted requirements rather than measured responses. That said, metabolisable protein is unlikely to be a limiting nutrient for late-gestation dairy cows grazing up to 50% of their diet as high-protein forages, but could potentially be limiting prepartum mammary development in animals on lower-protein diets, such as total mixed rations formulated for dry cows. The physiological role of fatty acids, in addition to the role of fat as an energy source, is an emerging and important research area, with increasing evidence, at least in vitro, that specific fatty acids regulate metabolic processes. Knowledge gaps and future research areas that should be prioritised are identified and discussed.

Alcohol intake impairs glucose counterregulation during acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in IDDM patients. Evidence for a critical role of free fatty acids

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1626-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Avogaro ◽  
P. Beltramello ◽  
L. Gnudi ◽  
A. Maran ◽  
A. Valerio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Critical Role

Physiological Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in Higher Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Wei HUANG ◽  
Shi-Bao ZHANG ◽  
Kun-Fang CAO
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cyclic Electron Flow
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