Maximum-Width Empty Square and Rectangular Annulus

Abstract Background It is difficult to examine mild to moderate feline intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy via and thoracic radiography. Despite previous information from computed tomographic (CT) images of intra-thoracic lymph nodes, some factors from animals and CT setting were less elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of internal factors from animals and external factors from the CT procedure on the feasibility to detect the intra-thoracic lymph nodes. Twenty-four, client-owned, clinically healthy cats were categorized into three groups according to age. They underwent pre- and post-contrast enhanced CT for whole thorax followed by inter-group evaluation and comparison of sternal, cranial mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Results Post contrast-enhanced CT appearances revealed that intra-thoracic lymph nodes of kittens were invisible, whereas the sternal, cranial mediastinal, and tracheobronchial nodes of cats aged over 7 months old were detected (6/24, 9/24 and 7/24, respectively). Maximum width of these lymph nodes were 3.93 ± 0.74 mm, 4.02 ± 0.65 mm, and 3.51 ± 0.62 mm, respectively. By age, lymph node sizes of these cats were not significantly different. Transverse lymph node width of males was larger than that of females (P = 0.0425). Besides, the detection score of lymph nodes was affected by slice thickness (P < 0.01) and lymph node width (P = 0.0049). Furthermore, an irregular, soft tissue structure, possibly the thymus, was detected in all juvenile cats and three mature cats. Conclusions Despite additional information on intra-thoracic lymph nodes in CT images, which can be used to investigate lymphatic-related abnormalities, age, sex, and slice thickness of CT images must be also considered.

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Maximum-width empty square and rectangular annulus

Computational Geometry ◽

10.1016/j.comgeo.2021.101747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 96 ◽

pp. 101747

Author(s):

Sang Won Bae ◽

Arpita Baral ◽

Priya Ranjan Sinha Mahapatra

Keyword(s):

Maximum Width

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The sirch (Kerman, Iran) earthquake of 28 July 1981—A field investigation

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0720030841 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 841-861

Author(s):

Hojjat Adeli

Keyword(s):

Vertical Displacement ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Steel Buildings ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Epicentral Area ◽

Historical Monuments ◽

Fresh Surface ◽

The City ◽

The Town ◽

Epicentral Region

abstract On 28 July 1981 at 17:22 UTC, the Kerman province of southern Iran was shaken by the largest and the most destructive earthquake in its history. Its surface-wave magnitude was about 7.2. The epicenter of the earthquake was located about 45 km southeast of the city of Kerman, the capital of the Kerman province. The shock killed nearly 3,000 people, left more than 31,000 homeless, and destroyed virtually all buildings in the epicentral region within a radius of 30 km. The hardest hit place was the town of Sirch where about 2,000 people died out of a population of 3,500. Surface fractures were observed in several areas, and the earthquake was apparently associated with a fresh surface normal faulting. The maximum vertical displacement was about 1 m. The maximum width of the fracture was 0.5 m. Also, extensive landsliding and numerous rockfalls were observed within the area of maximum damage. Most houses in the epicentral area are of adobe construction, made of sundried clay brick walls, and heavy domed roofs or vaults with clay or mud mortar. Most casualties were due to the collapse of these adobe buildings. However, the performance of unreinforced or reinforced brick buildings, historical monuments, steel buildings, and other types of structures during the earthquake is also discussed in this paper.

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Palate and braincase ofWhatcheeria deltaeLombard & Bolt, 1995

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s1755691018000774 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 109 (1-2) ◽

pp. 177-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John R. BOLT ◽

R. Eric LOMBARD

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Plane ◽

Unique Feature ◽

Sister Taxon ◽

Dental Occlusion ◽

Posterior View ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Palatal Shelf ◽

Meckel’S Cartilage ◽

Lower Jaw ◽

Early Tetrapods

ABSTRACTThe reconstructed palate ofWhatcheeria deltaeindicates a skull that was unusually narrow: at least 2.2 times longer than wide if the pterygoids are conservatively placed in the horizontal plane. This maximum width is narrower than any other early tetrapod reconstructed so far. Rotating the pterygoids to produce a vaulted palate would produce an even narrower skull. Primitive palatal features include very narrow interpterygoid vacuities and a vomer, palatine, and ectopterygoid with fang-sized replacement pairs. It is derived in that there is no anterior palatal fenestra and the premaxilla has a substantial palatal shelf – a combination of characters shared only with Proterogyrinus among early tetrapods. There is a possible septomaxilla in one specimen.Whatcheeriadiffers from and is more derived thanPederpes, its likely sister taxon, in that only the pterygoid is covered with denticles, the vomer, palatine, and ectopterygoid containing labyrinthine teeth only. Reconstructed dental occlusion indicates that the large choana apparently accommodated the large dentary fangs; this would be a unique feature among early tetrapods. The palatal ramus of the pterygoid is longer than the quadrate ramus, which does not have a descending flange. Like Meckel's cartilage in the lower jaw, the palatoquadrate is fully ossified in larger specimens, such that in a posterior view of the skull the pterygoid is mostly hidden from sight by the epipterygoid. The ossified neurocranium consists of the basiparasphenoid and basioccipital; no ossified sphenethmoid has been found. Remains of otic capsules are partial, crushed, and smeared, so no useful morphology is available. The stapes appears to be more columnar and less plate-like than in many other primitive, early tetrapods.

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A multivariate study of variation in two species of rock crab of the genus Leptograpsus

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9740417 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 417 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

NA Campbell ◽

RJ Mahon

Keyword(s):

Carapace Length ◽

Carapace Width ◽

The Body ◽

Canonical Variate ◽

Multivariate Approach ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Multivariate Study ◽

Rock Crab ◽

Males And Females ◽

Colour Form

A multivariate approach has been used to study morphological variation in the blue and orange-form species of rock crab of the genus Leptograpsus. Objective criteria for the identification of the two species are established, based on the following characters: width of the frontal region of the carapace; width of the posterior region of the carapace (rear width); length of the carapace along the midline; maximum width of the carapace; and the depth of the body. The first canonical variate, which differentiates between the two species, represents a contrast between the carapace width relative to the width of the front lip and the depth of the body; the blue-form species has a greater relative carapace width than has the orange form. The second canonical variate, which presents a contrast between the rear width and the carapace length, identifies males and females within each species; males have a greater relative carapace length than have females. All individuals, including 20 not used in the study, were correctly identified for colour form. The clear separation of the blue and orange forms achieved by canonical analysis supports the previously determined specific status of the two forms.

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Morphological variation and ecological distribution of co-occurring larval forms of Oreolalax (Anura: Pelobatidae)

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/156853894x00227 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 109-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. Bradley Shaffer ◽

Robert F. Inger ◽

Guan-Fu Wu ◽

Er-Mi Zhao

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Morphological Variation ◽

Sichuan Province ◽

Ecological Distribution ◽

Additional Species ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Ecological Segregation ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Stream Size

AbstractThe amphibian fauna of Sichuan Province, China, is remarkable for the large number of species of pelobatid frogs, of which species of Oreolalax form a large portion. We have collected larvae of five species of Oreolalax on Mt. Emei, Sichuan, four of these five at a second locality 40 km from Mt. Emei, and larvae of two additional species at a locality 200 km S of Mt. Emei. These tadpoles are very similar to one another morphologically, a conclusion supported by multivariate analysis. We give diagnostic descriptions and a key for the identification of these seven larval forms. All tadpoles of Oreolalax have lotic habits, and the seven species in our study live in small to medium-sized streams (maximum width 8 m). These species show only moderate ecological segregation in terms of stream size and microhabitat type.

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Fracture toughness of RC beams on the shear, strengthening by FRCM system

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201818302009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 183 ◽

pp. 02009 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zinoviy Blikharskyy ◽

Pavlo Vegera ◽

Rostyslav Vashkevych ◽

Taras Shnal

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Bearing Capacity ◽

Shear Failure ◽

Control Sample ◽

Variable Parameter ◽

Rc Beams ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Shear Span ◽

Initial Load ◽

Inclined Cracks

This research paper present the experimental study of reinforce concrete beams strengthened by FRCM system in the shear area. All samples are without transverse reinforcement at the shear distance. First beams tested as control sample, with shear distance a/d=2. Another three beams tested with strengthening by FRCM system. Variable parameter is the level of initial load, before strengthening. The initial load values were 0, 0.3, 0.5 from carrying capacity of control samples. All RC beams were designed to fail in shear, even strengthened samples. In the result of this research we determined that fracture toughness of RC beams increases with a decrease of span to the effective depth ratio. Results are comparable with the increasing of bearing capacity. The first inclined crack opend in mid-height cross section at the load 50 kN at an angle equal to 450 and it does not depend on the shear span. The maximum width of inclined cracks decrease with decreasing of shear span. The maximum width of inclined cracks decrease with decreasing of the shear span. The maximum values of width of inclined cracks are fixed at the value of 0.55 - 0.85 mm. Using the limit crack opening width as criteria of exhaustion of serviceability (SLS) we saw that about 16 - 29% of bearing capacity still remains before the danger of shear failure of the beam.

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A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING LEAF AREA OF Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K. Schum.

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i1.61088 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 1063

Author(s):

João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro ◽

Francisco Romário Andrade Figueiredo ◽

Ester Dos Santos Coêlho ◽

Walter Esfrain Pereira ◽

Manoel Bandeira de Albuquerque

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Regression Models ◽

Information Criterion ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Bias Index ◽

Different Shapes ◽

Non Destructive

The determination of leaf area is of fundamental importance in studies involving ecological and ecophysiological aspects of forest species. The objective of this research was to adjust an equation to determine the leaf area of Ceiba glaziovii as a function of linear measurements of leaves. Six hundred healthy leaf limbs were collected in different matrices, with different shapes and sizes, in the Mata do Pau-Ferro State Park, Areia, Paraíba state, Northeast Brazil. The maximum length (L), maximum width (W), product between length and width (L.W), and leaf area of the leaf limbs were calculated. The regression models used to construct equations were: linear, linear without intercept, quadratic, cubic, power and exponential. The criteria for choosing the best equation were based on the coefficient of determination (R²), Akaike information criterion (AIC), root mean square error (RMSE), Willmott concordance index (d) and BIAS index. All the proposed equations satisfactorily estimate the leaf area of C. glaziovii, due to their high determination coefficients (R² ≥ 0.851). The linear model without intercept, using the product between length and width (L.W), presented the best criteria to estimate the leaf area of the species, using the equation 0.4549*LW.

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Alometric Model for Estimation of Leaf Area of Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. Through Non-destructive Method

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n10p154 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 154

Author(s):

Vinicius de Souza Oliveira ◽

Cássio Francisco Moreira de Carvalho ◽

Juliany Morosini França ◽

Flávia Barreto Pinto ◽

Karina Tiemi Hassuda dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Linear Dimensions ◽

Length Width ◽

Independent Variable ◽

The Mean ◽

Non Destructive

The objective of the present study was to test and establish mathematical models to estimate the leaf area of Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. through linear dimensions of the length, width and product of both measurements. In this way, 500 leaves of trees with age between 4 and 6 years were collected from all the cardinal points of the plant in the municipality of São Mateus, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The length (L) along the main midrib, the maximum width (W), the product of the length with the width (LW) and the observed leaf area (OLA) were obtained for all leaves. From these measurements were adjusted linear equations of first degree, quadratic and power, in which OLA was used as dependent variable as function of L, W and LW as independent variable. For the validation, the values of L, W and LW of 100 random leaves were substituted in the equations generated in the modeling, thus obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). The values of the means of ELA and OLA were tested by Student’s t test 5% of probability. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and Willmott’s index d for all proposed models were also determined. The choice of the best model was based on the non significant values in the comparison of the means of ELA and OLA, values of MAE and RMSE closer to zero and value of the index d and coefficient of determination (R2) close to unity. The equation that best estimates leaf area of Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. in a way non-destructive is the power model represented by por ELA = 0.7470(LW)0.9842 and R2 = 0.9949.

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