Regulatory Role of MicroRNAs in Brain Development and Function

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-247
Author(s):  
Christos Yapijakis
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Neuroplacentology in congenital heart disease: placental connections to neurodevelopmental outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Leon ◽  
Imran N. Mir ◽  
Christina L. Herrera ◽  
Kavita Sharma ◽  
Catherine Y. Spong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Fetal Brain Development ◽  
And Function

Abstract Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are living longer due to effective medical and surgical management. However, the majority have neurodevelopmental delays or disorders. The role of the placenta in fetal brain development is unclear and is the focus of an emerging field known as neuroplacentology. In this review, we summarize neurodevelopmental outcomes in CHD and their brain imaging correlates both in utero and postnatally. We review differences in the structure and function of the placenta in pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD and introduce the concept of a placental inefficiency phenotype that occurs in severe forms of fetal CHD, characterized by a myriad of pathologies. We propose that in CHD placental dysfunction contributes to decreased fetal cerebral oxygen delivery resulting in poor brain growth, brain abnormalities, and impaired neurodevelopment. We conclude the review with key areas for future research in neuroplacentology in the fetal CHD population, including (1) differences in structure and function of the CHD placenta, (2) modifiable and nonmodifiable factors that impact the hemodynamic balance between placental and cerebral circulations, (3) interventions to improve placental function and protect brain development in utero, and (4) the role of genetic and epigenetic influences on the placenta–heart–brain connection. Impact Neuroplacentology seeks to understand placental connections to fetal brain development. In fetuses with CHD, brain growth abnormalities begin in utero. Placental microstructure as well as perfusion and function are abnormal in fetal CHD.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (1) ◽  
pp. C3-C19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyi Ma ◽  
Lubo Zhang ◽  
William J. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Neural Lineage ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of highly conserved non-coding RNAs with 21–25 nucleotides in length and play an important role in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level via base-paring with complementary sequences of the 3′-untranslated region of the target gene mRNA, leading to either transcript degradation or translation inhibition. Brain-enriched miRNAs act as versatile regulators of brain development and function, including neural lineage and subtype determination, neurogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and responses to insults. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in brain development and cerebrovascular pathophysiology. We review recent progress of the miRNA-based mechanisms in neuronal and cerebrovascular development as well as their role in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. These findings hold great promise, not just for deeper understanding of basic brain biology but also for building new therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of pathologies such as cerebral ischemia.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Role of Activating Transcription Factor 2 in Inflammation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Yong Jun Li ◽  
Ai Hong Bian ◽  
Hui Bin Zuo ◽  
Ti Wen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Neurological Development ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Activating Transcription Factor ◽  
And Function ◽  
Potential Inhibitors

Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins and is widely distributed in tissues including the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. Like c-Jun and c-Fos, ATF2 responds to stress-related stimuli and may thereby influence cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, neurological development and function, and skeletal remodeling. Recent studies clarify the regulatory role of ATF2 in inflammation and describe potential inhibitors of this protein. In this paper, we summarize the properties and functions of ATF2 and explore potential applications of ATF2 inhibitors as tools for research and for the development of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs.

The role of human endogenous retroviruses in brain development and function

Apmis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 124 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristien Mortelmans ◽  
Feng Wang-Johanning ◽  
Gary L. Johanning
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
And Function

4D assessment of motoric function in a singleton acephalous fetus: the role of the KANET test

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Khalief Emir ◽  
Wiku Andonotopo ◽  
Muhammad Adrianes Bachnas ◽  
Sri Sulistyowati ◽  
Milan Stanojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Twin Pregnancy ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Amniotic Band ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
4D Ultrasound ◽  
And Function

Abstract Acephalous fetus in a singleton pregnancy is an extremely rare case. In twin pregnancy, it could be presumed as one type of twin reverse arterial perfusion sequence (TRAPS). In this particular case report, the situation was different. An acephalous fetus developed in a singleton pregnancy and may have been a complication of an amniotic band in the very early weeks of gestation. Nevertheless proving it is still a constraint. Despite that, motor findings in utero by using four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound were very interesting to study. Movement of the acephalous fetus is challenging thought on fetal behavior theory, as brain development and function play the central role. The Kurjak antenatal neurodevelopmental tests (KANET) was used to measure the fetal behavior of this acephalous fetus. A comparison with post natal movement findings was also done to provide a better understanding.

scholarly journals Astrocytes in Down Syndrome Across the Lifespan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blandine Ponroy Bally ◽  
Keith K. Murai
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Early Brain Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Circuit Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in which delays and impairments in brain development and function lead to neurological and cognitive phenotypes. Traditionally, a neurocentric approach, focusing on neurons and their connectivity, has been applied to understanding the mechanisms involved in DS brain pathophysiology with an emphasis on how triplication of chromosome 21 leads to alterations in neuronal survival and homeostasis, synaptogenesis, brain circuit development, and neurodegeneration. However, recent studies have drawn attention to the role of non-neuronal cells, especially astrocytes, in DS. Astrocytes comprise a large proportion of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical for brain development, homeostasis, and function. As triplication of chromosome 21 occurs in all cells in DS (with the exception of mosaic DS), a deeper understanding of the impact of trisomy 21 on astrocytes in DS pathophysiology is warranted and will likely be necessary for determining how specific brain alterations and neurological phenotypes emerge and progress in DS. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of astrocytes in DS, and discuss how specific perturbations in this cell type can impact the brain across the lifespan from early brain development to adult stages. Finally, we highlight how targeting, modifying, and/or correcting specific molecular pathways and properties of astrocytes in DS may provide an effective therapeutic direction given the important role of astrocytes in regulating brain development and function.

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