scholarly journals Isotopic Techniques to Measure N2O, N2 and Their Sources

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-301
Author(s):  
M. Zaman ◽  
K. Kleineidam ◽  
L. Bakken ◽  
J. Berendt ◽  
C. Bracken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Natural Abundance ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Numerical Tools ◽  
Enrichment Techniques ◽  
Tracing Techniques

AbstractGHGemissions are usually the result of several simultaneous processes. Furthermore, some gases such as N2 are very difficult to quantify and require special techniques. Therefore, in this chapter, the focus is on stable isotopemethods. Both natural abundance techniques and enrichment techniques are used. Especially in the last decade, a number of methodological advances have been made. Thus, this chapter provides an overview and description of a number of current state-of-the-art techniques, especially techniques using the stable isotope15N. Basic principles and recent advances of the 15N gasflux method are presented to quantify N2 fluxes, but also the latest isotopologue and isotopomermethods to identify pathways for N2O production. The second part of the chapter is devoted to 15N tracing techniques, the theoretical background and recent methodological advances. A range of different methods is presented from analytical to numerical tools to identify and quantify pathway-specific N2O emissions. While this chapter is chiefly concerned with gaseous N emissions, a lot of the techniques can also be applied to other gases such as methane (CH4), as outlined in Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_5#Sec12.

scholarly journals Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Current State of the Art and Schools of Thought

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Sh. Kh. Gantsev ◽  
M. V. Zabelin ◽  
K. Sh. Gantsev ◽  
A. A. Izmailov ◽  
Sh. R. Kzyrgalin
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Scientific Questions

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a global challenge of modern oncology representing the most unfavourable scenario in diverse-locality tumourisation. Despite certain attention by the oncological community, the management of PC patients is currently palliative, which weakly promotes research into the basic principles of this morbidity. This literature review attempts to comprehensively cover the PC problematic from a global perspective and presents a key evidence on the world schools of thought in this area. Briefly taking, peritoneal carcinomatosis is viewed today as a local process in the conventional implantation theory, which imposes a locoregional character on all current or emerging therapies, such as cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Their inadequate efficacy is largely due to pronounced gaps in our understanding of PC logistics and signalling. PSOGI is a key organisation for centralising the specialty effort in peritoneal carcinomatosis. Despite its global geography and approach to PC discussion, a multitude of scientific questions remain unanswered impeding the establishment of novel effective therapies. The seven countries that nurtured distinguished schools of thought in PC studies are the USA, UK, Japan, China, Italy, France and Germany. Taking peritoneal carcinomatosis in a global perspective, an insufficient attention to its problematic in Russia should be addressed. The founding and fostering of national PC institutions will benefit cancer patients and progress in oncological science.

scholarly journals Advances in Analysis of Milk Proteases Activity at Surfaces and in a Volume by Acoustic Methods

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dizon ◽  
Marek Tatarko ◽  
Tibor Hianik
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Acoustic Methods ◽  
Milk Gelation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Increased Activity

This review is focused on the application of surface and volume-sensitive acoustic methods for the detection of milk proteases such as trypsin and plasmin. While trypsin is an important protein of human milk, plasmin is a protease that plays an important role in the quality of bovine, sheep and goat milks. The increased activity of plasmin can cause an extensive cleavage of β-casein and, thus, affect the milk gelation and taste. The basic principles of surface-sensitive acoustic methods, as well as high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US), are presented. The current state-of-the-art examples of the application of acoustic sensors for protease detection in real time are discussed. The application of the HR-US method for studying the kinetics of the enzyme reaction is demonstrated. The sensitivity of the acoustics biosensors and HR-US methods for protease detection are compared.

OntoClippy

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Dahlem
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ontology Design ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Supporting Tool ◽  
User Friendly

In this article, the author describes OntoClippy, a tool-supported methodology for the user-friendly design and creation of ontologies. Existing ontology design methodologies and tools are targeted at experts and not suitable for users without a background in formal logic. Therefore, this research develops a methodology and a supporting tool to facilitate the acceptance of ontologies by a wider audience. In this article, the author positions the approach with respect to the current state of the art, formulates the basic principles of the methodology, presents its formal grounding, and describes its phases in detail. To demonstrate the viability of our approach, the author performs a comparative evaluation. The experiment is described, as well as real-world applications of the approach.

OntoClippy

2012 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Nikolai Dahlem
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ontology Design ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
Supporting Tool ◽  
User Friendly

In this article, the author describes OntoClippy, a tool-supported methodology for the user-friendly design and creation of ontologies. Existing ontology design methodologies and tools are targeted at experts and not suitable for users without a background in formal logic. Therefore, this research develops a methodology and a supporting tool to facilitate the acceptance of ontologies by a wider audience. In this article, the author positions the approach with respect to the current state of the art, formulates the basic principles of the methodology, presents its formal grounding, and describes its phases in detail. To demonstrate the viability of our approach, the author performs a comparative evaluation. The experiment is described, as well as real-world applications of the approach.

scholarly journals Advances in Electrical Source Imaging: A Review of the Current Approaches, Applications and Challenges

Signals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-391
Author(s):  
Ioannis Zorzos ◽  
Ioannis Kakkos ◽  
Errikos M. Ventouras ◽  
George K. Matsopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Spatial Estimation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Electrical Source

Brain source localization has been consistently implemented over the recent years to elucidate complex brain operations, pairing the high temporal resolution of the EEG with the high spatial estimation of the estimated sources. This review paper aims to present the basic principles of Electrical source imaging (ESI) in the context of the recent progress for solving the forward and the inverse problems, and highlight the advantages and limitations of the different approaches. As such, a synthesis of the current state-of-the-art methodological aspects is provided, offering a complete overview of the present advances with regard to the ESI solutions. Moreover, the new dimensions for the analysis of the brain processes are indicated in terms of clinical and cognitive ESI applications, while the prevailing challenges and limitations are thoroughly discussed, providing insights for future approaches that could help to alleviate methodological and technical shortcomings.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

Schizophrenia Research: Current State of the Art

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 497-498
Author(s):  
STANLEY GRAND
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State

Umbral Calculus

10.37236/24 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Bucchianico ◽  
D. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Finite Differences ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Umbral Calculus ◽  
Current State ◽  
Logical Foundation ◽  
Complete Bibliography ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Mathematical Literature

We survey the mathematical literature on umbral calculus (otherwise known as the calculus of finite differences) from its roots in the 19th century (and earlier) as a set of “magic rules” for lowering and raising indices, through its rebirth in the 1970’s as Rota’s school set it on a firm logical foundation using operator methods, to the current state of the art with numerous generalizations and applications. The survey itself is complemented by a fairly complete bibliography (over 500 references) which we expect to update regularly.

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