Environmental and Resource Costs Assessment and the Case for Reforming the Italian System of Water Abstraction Charges

При изучении качества воды источника водоснабжения г. Самары Саратовского водохранилища особое внимание было уделено основным показателям, влияющим на выбор реагентной обработки: мутность, перманганатная окисляемость и цветность. Сезонные изменения качества воды водохранилища требуют постоянной корректировки дозы реагентов с целью достижения нормативных требований к качеству очищенной воды. Приводятся результаты производственных исследований изменения качества воды Саратовского водохранилища в створе водозаборов г. Самары за 20172019 годы по мутности, перманганатной окисляемости и цветности. В связи с аномальными температурными перепадами и наступлением осеннего паводка (конец декабря 2019 г. и январь 2020 г.) резко изменилось качество воды водохранилища по цветности и перманганатной окисляемости. Отмечено, что увеличение указанных показателей потребовало повышения дозы реагентов при очистке исходной воды. Оптимальная доза реагентов постоянно коректируется в зависимости от состава исходной воды на флокуляторе Lovibond ЕТ-750 . Регулярное проведение пробного коагулирования позволило поддерживать качество очищенной воды в соответствии с нормативными требованиями СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01 Питьевая вода. Контроль качества , кроме цветности и железа общего, так как превышение этих показателей наблюдалось в пределах погрешности методов измерения.While studying the water quality of the water source of the city of Samara the Saratov water reservoir, special attention was paid to the main indicators that influence the choice of chemical treatment: turbidity, permanganate index and color. Seasonal changes in the water quality of the water reservoir require constant adjustment of the chemical dose in order to meet the regulatory requirements to the quality of treated water. The results of the studies of changes in the water quality of the Saratov reservoir at the water abstraction points of the city of Samara for 20172019 by turbidity, permanganate index and color are presented. Due to the abnormal temperature differences and onset of autumn flood (end of December 2019 and January 2020), the water quality in the water reservoir dramatically changed in color and permanganate index. It was noted that an increase in these indicators required an increase in the dose of chemicals during the source water purification. The optimal dose of chemicals is selected with Lovibond ET-750 flocculator depending on the composition of the source water. Regular test coagulation allowed maintaining the quality of purified water in accordance with the regulatory requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking water. Quality control , except for color and total iron since the values of these indicators were increased within the measurement accuracy.

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Water Temperature and Hydrological Modelling in the Context of Environmental Flows and Future Climate Change: Case Study of the Wilmot River (Canada)

Water ◽

10.3390/w13152101 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2101

Author(s):

Christian Charron ◽

André St-Hilaire ◽

Taha B.M.J. Ouarda ◽

Michael R. van den Heuvel

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Environmental Flows ◽

Low Flow ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Water Abstraction ◽

Surface Water Flow ◽

Modelling Studies ◽

Rcp 8.5

Simulation of surface water flow and temperature under a non-stationary, anthropogenically impacted climate is critical for water resource decision makers, especially in the context of environmental flow determination. Two climate change scenarios were employed to predict streamflow and temperature: RCP 8.5, the most pessimistic with regards to climate change, and RCP 4.5, a more optimistic scenario where greenhouse gas emissions peak in 2040. Two periods, 2018–2050 and 2051–2100, were also evaluated. In Canada, a number of modelling studies have shown that many regions will likely be faced with higher winter flow and lower summer flows. The CEQUEAU hydrological and water temperature model was calibrated and validated for the Wilmot River, Canada, using historic data for flow and temperature. Total annual precipitation in the region was found to remain stable under RCP 4.5 and increase over time under RCP 8.5. Median stream flow was expected to increase over present levels in the low flow months of August and September. However, increased climate variability led to higher numbers of periodic extreme low flow events and little change to the frequency of extreme high flow events. The effective increase in water temperature was four-fold greater in winter with an approximate mean difference of 4 °C, while the change was only 1 °C in summer. Overall implications for native coldwater fishes and water abstraction are not severe, except for the potential for more variability, and hence periodic extreme low flow/high temperature events.

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Water abstraction affects abundance, size-structure and growth of two threatened cyprinid fishes

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0175932 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. e0175932 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roberto Merciai ◽

Carlota Molons-Sierra ◽

Sergi Sabater ◽

Emili García-Berthou

Keyword(s):

Size Structure ◽

Water Abstraction ◽

Cyprinid Fishes

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Combined Effects of Summer Water Temperature and Current Velocity on the Distribution of a Cold-Water-Adapted Sculpin (Cottus nozawae)

Water ◽

10.3390/w13070975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 975

Author(s):

Kaiji Suzuki ◽

Nobuo Ishiyama ◽

Itsuro Koizumi ◽

Futoshi Nakamura

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Current Velocity ◽

Cold Water ◽

Environmental Gradients ◽

Combined Effect ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Combined Effects ◽

River Catchment ◽

Water Abstraction

Clarifying the combined effects of water temperature and other environmental factors on the species distributions of cold-water fishes is the first step toward obtaining a better understanding of the complex impacts of climate warming on these species. In the present study, we examined the abundance and occurrence of the fluvial sculpin, Cottus nozawae, in response to water temperature along environmental gradients in northern Japan. The abundance survey was conducted in the Sorachi River catchment with two-pass electrofishing with a backpack electrofisher. For the occurrence survey, we carried out one-pass electrofishing in the Sorachi, Chitose, and Tokachi River catchments. Fish sampling was conducted once from July to August 2018 in the Sorachi River catchment, from May to June 2011 in the Chitose River catchment, and from July to September 2012 in the Tokachi River catchment. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) were used for the abundance and occurrence analyses, respectively. We found that the mean summer water temperature was the most influential factor on the distribution of C. nozawae; the abundance and occurrence were both negatively affected by increased water temperatures. In the occurrence model, occurrence probabilities of 0.9 and 0.5 for C. nozawae corresponded to mean summer temperatures of 12.0 and 16.1 °C, respectively. Furthermore, we identified a combined effect of water temperature and current velocity on the abundance of C. nozawae. The increased mean summer water temperature had a stronger negative effect on C. nozawae abundance under gentle flow conditions. While the precise mechanisms of this combined effect could not be determined in this study, stressors associated with low current velocities may increase their vulnerability to higher water temperatures. Our findings indicate that flow disturbances caused by human activities such as excessive water abstraction may exacerbate the negative impacts of climate warming on populations of C. nozawae in the future.

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Predicting Macroinvertebrate Responses to Water Abstraction in Alpine Streams

Water ◽

10.3390/w13152121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2121

Author(s):

Gabriele Consoli ◽

Fabio Lepori ◽

Christopher T. Robinson ◽

Andreas Bruder

Keyword(s):

Habitat Model ◽

Feeding Guilds ◽

Physical Habitat ◽

Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽

Indirect Measure ◽

Water Abstraction ◽

Habitat Template ◽

Hydropower Potential ◽

Hydraulic Conditions ◽

Alpine Streams

Exploitation of hydropower potential in alpine areas undermines the ecological integrity of rivers. Damming and water abstraction substantially alter the physical habitat template of rivers, with strong repercussions on aquatic communities and their resources. Tools are needed to predict and manage the consequences of these alterations on the structure and functioning of macroinvertebrate communities and resource availability in alpine streams. We developed habitat preference models for taxa, functional feeding guilds, and organic resources to quantify the effects of discharge alteration on macroinvertebrate communities in two alpine streams. Our physical habitat model related an indirect measure of bottom hydraulic forces (FST hemispheres) to the distribution of macroinvertebrate taxa and their resources. We observed that flow-dependent habitat availability for macroinvertebrate communities generally decreased with increasing water abstraction. We were able to relate these changes to near-bed hydraulic conditions. Our results suggest, however, the existence of upper discharge thresholds delimiting optimal habitat conditions for taxa. In contrast, we found weak effects of near-bed hydraulic conditions on resource distribution. Overall, our findings contribute towards predicting the impacts of water abstraction on macroinvertebrate communities in small alpine streams and the benefits of baseflow restoration.

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Water companies and river environments: The external costs of water abstraction

Utilities Policy ◽

10.1016/s0957-1787(97)00028-3 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 35-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kenneth G Willis ◽

Guy D Garrod

Keyword(s):

External Costs ◽

Water Abstraction ◽

Water Companies

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Water Pricing and Cost Recovery in Water Services in Portugal

Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law ◽

10.1163/18760104-01004004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 333-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexandra Aragão

Keyword(s):

Water Pricing ◽

Cost Recovery ◽

Water Services ◽

Member States ◽

Economic Agents ◽

European Water ◽

Polluter Pays Principle ◽

Resource Costs ◽

The Cost

The European water directive forced the Member States to rethink the regulation of water services. Water pricing is now guided by the cost recovery principle. The costs to take into account are manly the environmental and resource costs, but also the financial ones. Portugal was no exception. The evolution from a heavily subsidized activity to a business bound by the polluter pays principle required fast changes and a somewhat difficult adaptation both of economic agents and households.

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Update of distribution, habitats, population size, and threat factors for the West African crocodile in Mauritania

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-00003059 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 325-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

João Carlos Campos ◽

Fernando Martínez-Freiría ◽

Fábio Vieira Sousa ◽

Frederico Santarém ◽

José Carlos Brito

Keyword(s):

Population Size ◽

Conservation Status ◽

West African ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Temperature Extremes ◽

Local Conservation ◽

The West ◽

Water Abstraction ◽

New Localities ◽

Domestic Use

The West African crocodile (Crocodylus suchus) is an emblematic species from the Sahara-Sahel with scarce knowledge on distribution and conservation status. This study updated the knowledge on distribution, occupied habitats, population size, and factors that threaten C. suchus and its habitats in Mauritania. Five field expeditions to Mauritania (2011-2016), allowed the detection of 26 new localities, increasing by 27% the current number of all known locations (adding up to ). In most localities less than five individuals were observed, and in all visiting sites the number of observed individuals ranged from one to 23. Eleven threat factors were identified, being droughts and temperature extremes (100% localities affected) and water abstraction for domestic use and nomadic grazing (94%) the most frequent. These findings suggest that crocodiles are apparently vulnerable in Mauritania and that future local conservation strategies are needed to assure the continuity of its fragile populations and preserve their habitats.

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