The Problems of the Standard Definition of Cosmopolitanism

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Barbara Elisabeth Müller
Keyword(s):  
Standard Definition ◽  
Definition Of

A practical metric for melanopic metrology

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1178-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Berman ◽  
RD Clear
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽  
Vision Research ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Standard Unit ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of

Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in lighting research on the effects of the recently discovered melanopsin receptor (also referred to as the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) and its impacts on health and vision. Presently, there is not a generally accepted metrology for dealing with the spectral response of the melanopsin receptor as applied to both lighting and vision research. A proposition to handle this issue from a vision science perspective has been presented in 2014 in the journal Trends in Neurosciences and from a more lighting perspective in 2017 in Lighting Research and Technology. These propositions are complex, and do not retain the CIE standard definition of a lumen. In this paper, we propose an approach based on effective watts and melanopic/photopic ratios that is both simpler and more closely aligned with CIE standard unit definitions. In addition, we include some practical examples of how such ratios are accessible now, and can be used for both lighting and vision research as well as applications.

The Humdrum Use of Ultimate Authority: Defining and Analysing Chapter VII Resolutions

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Security Council Resolution ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Business As Usual

AbstractUnder Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, the Security Council has the unique authority to make decisions that are binding on member states. However, the lack of a standard definition of what makes a Security Council resolution "a Chapter VII resolution" has caused disagreement regarding the status of several resolutions. This is unfortunate as the international community should never have to doubt whether a Security Council resolution is in fact adopted under Chapter VII or not. It is also unnecessary. This article addresses this problem by proposing a definition of Chapter VII resolutions, based on two criteria referred to as "Article 39 determinations" and "Chapter VII decisions". On the basis of the proposed definition, the article describes and analyses a dramatic increase in the use of Chapter VII during the post-Cold War era. It concludes that as Chapter VII has come to constitute the majority of Security Council resolutions in recent years, the resort to Chapter VII no longer signifies exceptional determination and resolve, which it did during the Cold War; instead Chapter VII today implies business as usual. An appendix lists all Chapter VII resolutions from 1946–2008.

The Standard Definition of Magic Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (08) ◽  
pp. 2714-2724
Author(s):  
兴祥 刘
Keyword(s):  
Standard Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Comment on a Standard Definition of Response Rates

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Wiseman ◽  
Maryann Billington
Keyword(s):  
Response Rates ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Tongue Thrust: A Point of View

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Myofunctional Therapy ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tongue Thrust

The purpose of the present paper is to present evidence to support the following hypotheses: (1) there is a relationship between tongue thrust and malocclusion, and it is probably a reciprocal one; (2) tongue thrust may yield spontaneously to nonthrusting patterns; (3) if tongue thrust does not yield spontaneously to nonthrusting patterns, some form of treatment should be considered; (4) if myofunctional therapy is the treatment of choice, its timing with respect to patient age, developmental factors, and orthodontic treatment should be an individual matter. The need for more definitive research is described. In order for such research to be meaningful, a standard definition of tongue thrust is required. Such a definition is proposed.

scholarly journals Folate bioavailability from foods rich in folates assessed in a short term human study using stable isotope dilution assays

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Mönch ◽  
Michael Netzel ◽  
Gabriele Netzel ◽  
Undine Ott ◽  
Thomas Frank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Stable Isotope Dilution ◽  
Stable Isotope Dilution Assays ◽  
Folate Bioavailability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Sources

Different sources of folate may have different bioavailability and hence may impact the standard definition of folate equivalents.

What Constitutes a Smart City?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Sekhar Kondepudi ◽  
Ramita Kondepudi
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Holistic Description ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides an insight into what is meant by a Smart City and the underlying factors that make a city smart. The authors answer the question of “what constitutes a smart city” by presenting a multi-faceted approach including a detailed analysis of classical smart city definitions, attributes of a smart city, industry viewpoints and efforts by standards developing organizations. Through this approach, a common theme is established which best describes a smart city. The content of this chapter can therefore form the basis of developing a standard definition of a global smart city, and subsequently can be used to develop a framework to measure the performance of a smart city. The authors also propose a definition which in their view provides a reasonably holistic description of a smart city. However, they recognize that a smart city may mean different things to different stakeholders, and therefore has a strong dependence on the “lens” through which a smart city is viewed.

What Constitutes a Smart City?

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Sekhar Kondepudi ◽  
Ramita Kondepudi
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Holistic Description ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides an insight into what is meant by a Smart City and the underlying factors that make a city smart. The authors answer the question of “what constitutes a smart city” by presenting a multi-faceted approach including a detailed analysis of classical smart city definitions, attributes of a smart city, industry viewpoints and efforts by standards developing organizations. Through this approach, a common theme is established which best describes a smart city. The content of this chapter can therefore form the basis of developing a standard definition of a global smart city, and subsequently can be used to develop a framework to measure the performance of a smart city. The authors also propose a definition which in their view provides a reasonably holistic description of a smart city. However, they recognize that a smart city may mean different things to different stakeholders, and therefore has a strong dependence on the “lens” through which a smart city is viewed.

Comment on a Standard Definition of Response Rates

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Wiseman ◽  
Maryann Billington
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Definition Of

The lack of a standard definition of response rates in surveys has resulted in problems in the marketing research community, including ambiguity in pricing and evaluating research proposals and in assessing the quality of data used in industry reports and journal articles. This comment highlights the work of an industry task force which has considered the implications of different definitions and proposed an industry standard.

Causal Factors and Symptoms of Task-Related Human Fatigue in Vessel Traffic Service: A Task-Driven Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1340-1357
Author(s):  
Fan Li ◽  
Chun-Hsien Chen ◽  
Gangyan Xu ◽  
Danni Chang ◽  
Li Pheng Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Causal Network ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Human Fatigue ◽  
Inducing Factors ◽  
Definition Of

Human fatigue is a major risk factor in transportation that contributes, directly or indirectly, to a large number of traffic accidents. Though many studies have investigated fatigue-inducing factors in transportation to manage human fatigue more efficiently, there are limited studies related to vessel traffic service (VTS). To fill this gap, this work aims to determine the key causal factors and symptoms of human fatigue with a focus on VTS operations. Achieving this aim is hindered by the problems of no standard definition of task-related fatigue and limited data sources. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a novel definition of task-related human fatigue, a task-driven approach for identifying causal factors and a causal network-based approach for selecting key causal factors. Twelve key causal factors of human fatigue in VTS were identified and analysed. In addition, it was found that VTS operators suffered from multidimensional fatigue, especially physical fatigue. The results provide a foundation and future directions for designing interventions to manage human fatigue.

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