WHO-essential drug list (WHO-EDL)

Background: ICU patients are exposed to more number of life saving drugs and face drug related problems like therapeutic failure, drug interactions and frequent adverse drug reactions. The cost of ICU hospitalisation and money spent on medicines is also a huge burden on these patients. A study of prescribing pattern in an ICU set up will serve as a medical audit to monitor and evaluate the prescribing practices to make it more rational and cost effective.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in a medical ICU of a tertiary care hospital. All the inpatients admitted in the medical ICU during the study period of 2 months were included in the study. The data obtained from the case sheets were used to assess the prescribing pattern and rationality of drug use.Results: A total of 101 patients were admitted in 2 months. The most common illness for which the patients (22) were admitted was respiratory problems. Average number of drugs per prescription was 6.9. Cardiovascular system (23.9%) drugs were the most frequently prescribed. Pantoprazole (77) was the single most commonly prescribed drug. 40% of the drugs were prescribed from the essential drug list. The average cost of medicines incurred per person in our study was 5126.33 in INR.Conclusions: Polypharmacy and unwanted prescription of proton pump inhibitors can be avoided by prescribing more generics and drugs from essential drug list.

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Role of follow-on drugs and indications on the WHO Essential Drug List

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2710.2006.00777.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 585-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. Cohen ◽

L. Cabanilla ◽

J. Sosnov

Keyword(s):

Essential Drug ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List

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Assessment of veterinary drugs dispensing practices in veterinary clinics in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20212835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 395

Author(s):

Birhanu Berihun Kidanu ◽

Dak Chuol Cay ◽

Zemene Demelash Kifle

Keyword(s):

Treatment Guideline ◽

Continuous Medical Education ◽

Veterinary Drug ◽

Essential Drug ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Veterinary Clinic ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List ◽

Dispensing Practices ◽

Gondar Town

Background: Dispensing practice plays a major role in the provision of rational drug therapy. This study aimed to assess the veterinary drug dispensing practice by pharmacists and other veterinarian assistance in veterinary clinic Gondar town.Methods: A cross-sectional prospective descriptive study was carried out in the OPD of three public veterinary clinics in Gondar town for three months. The health facility indicators were examined by ensuring the good dispensing practices in three veterinary clinic and availability of essential drug list.Results: The average consultation time was 13 min and 50 sec. The average dispensing time was 5 min and 3 sec calculated from 100 prescriptions. The percentage of drugs dispensed was 97.50% and percentage of drugs adequately labeled was high from the dispensed drugs (74.4%). The average patients with drug dosage knowledge were very low (25%). The result of the study revealed that the two veterinary clinic health facilities do not have any essential drug list. Out of three, one of them has a key drug from the WHO list 1 (30%) drug was available.Conclusions: The overall good dispensing practices at three veterinary clinics is low. Training, supportive supervision through continuous medical education, regular up-to-date medicine information and standard treatment guideline, and therapeutic audit are required for improvement of medicine use by prescriber and dispensers.

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Evaluation of Prescribing Pattern of the Private Practitioners in Bangladesh

Faridpur Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/fmcj.v7i2.13497 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 51-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fouzia Begum ◽

Md Royes Uddin ◽

M M Shahin Ul Islam ◽

Mst Nagnin Sarker ◽

Rakhal Chandra Barman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prescription Drugs ◽

Prescribing Patterns ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Essential Drug ◽

Prescribing Pattern ◽

Private Practitioners ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Medication Information ◽

Drug List ◽

Patient Medication

A prescription order is a written instruction of doctors to pharmacist to supply drugs in particular form to a patient and the directions to the patients regarding the use of medicines. This study was undertaken to observe the prescribing patterns of the private practitioners in Bangladesh, 430 prescriptions were collected randomly from Dhaka city and analyzed using WHO/INRUD indicators. There were average 3.40 drugs per prescription. Drugs were prescribed in generic name only in 0.20%. About 46.31% drugs were prescribed from the Essential Drug List, only 19% of prescriptions were complete in respect to patient medication information. Antibiotics were prescribed in 70.33% of the prescriptions; injections were prescribed in about 8.35% of the prescriptions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v7i2.13497 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2012;7(2): 51-53

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Evaluating antimicrobial prescribing in a Tertiary Healthcare Institution in Nigeria

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice ◽

10.1186/s40545-021-00380-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Angus Nnamdi Oli ◽

Nwanneka Onyeaso ◽

Stephen Chijioke Emencheta ◽

Chijioke M. Ofomata ◽

James-Paul Kretchy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Essential Drug ◽

Chi Square ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Generic Prescribing ◽

Tertiary Healthcare ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Background Regular evaluation of antimicrobials prescriptions is important for optimal use. Objective This study determined the prescription patterns, class and costs of antimicrobials in the adult out-patient pharmacy of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Methods A 1-year retrospective study from 1st January to 31st December 2018. The data, which included identification code, age, sex, antibiotics prescribed, number of antibiotics per prescription, number of medicines per prescription, dosage form, generic prescribing, drug on the essential drug list, and cost, were used in the analysis. The Chi-square test and Analysis of Variance were used to compare our data with the WHO–developed antimicrobial prescription Guidelines for Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical and Defined Daily Dose assignment of 2019. Results From 450 patient records, significantly more females (70%) were prescribed with antimicrobials (P = 0.0038). The prescription pattern showed that antimicrobials selection by class was significantly different (P < 0.0001) (top three being Amino-penicillin > Nitroimidazoles > Fluoroquinolone). In addition, age differed significantly (P < 0.0001) with 46–50 as the highest class. Dosage forms profile showed that the percentage of encounter with injections prescribed (1.8%) was less than WHO recommendation (13.4–24.1%). Most of the prescriptions (84.22%) were from the Essential Drug List. The average cost of prescriptions with two antimicrobials was the highest ($14.0807), then three ($10.7949), and one ($6.39858). The average number of drugs per prescription that had one (4.28), two (4.46), and three (5.55) antimicrobials, respectively, were more than double the average (2) recommended by WHO. Conclusion The study showed that most of the patterns are within limit, however, highlights the need for frequent evaluation.

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Evaluation of prescribing patterns of medical practitioners in the state of Goa, India

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20173747 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 2214

Author(s):

Greeshma Upendra ◽

Sushama A. Bhounsule

Keyword(s):

Drug Interactions ◽

Treatment Cost ◽

The State ◽

Prescribing Patterns ◽

Essential Drug ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List ◽

The Common

Background: According to WHO, worldwide more than 50% of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed, or sold inappropriately, while 50% of patients fail to take them correctly. Evaluating the prescribing patterns of the medical practitioners will throw light on the common types of irrational practices such as inappropriate use of antimicrobials, polypharmacy, over-use of injections, failure to prescribe according to clinical guidelines.Methods: 600 prescriptions prescribed by medical practitioners from March to April 2016 were analyzed using WHO prescribing indicators.Results: Out of the 1900 drugs prescribed, average number of drugs per prescription was 3.17. Total number of drugs prescribed by generic name was 11 (0.58%). An antibiotic was prescribed in 119 patients (19.83%). An injection was prescribed in 23 patients (3.8%). 567 drugs prescribed were from the essential drug list of India (29.8%).Conclusions: Polypharmacy increases the risk of drug interactions, treatment cost, decreases the patient’s compliance. Prescribing medicines by generic name avoids the confusion. By adhering to the national essential list of medicine, drugs will be available to the patients at all times and be cheaper.

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Introduction to concept of personal drugs, essential drug list and awareness of cost of drugs

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20140828 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 696

Author(s):

Ravi Indla ◽

Thangam Chinnathambi ◽

Regina Roy ◽

Alice Kuruvilla

Keyword(s):

Essential Drug ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List ◽

Cost Of Drugs

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The public health sector supply of modern contraceptives in rural Nigeria: an analysis of selection, forecasting and inventory control

Reviews in Health Care ◽

10.7175/rhc.v2i3.37 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 185-193

Author(s):

Asa Auta ◽

Samuel B Banwat

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Inventory Control ◽

Health Sector ◽

Essential Drug ◽

The Public ◽

Public Health Sector ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List ◽

Modern Contraceptives ◽

Rural Nigeria

Public health facilities in rural Nigeria have been experiencing a long period of stock-outs and unavailability of modern contraceptives. This work was carried out to review the public health sector supply of modern contraceptives in rural Nigeria in order to make recommendations on how to improve the supply of modern contraceptives in this area. The study reviewed secondary data from country documents and literature obtained from Pubmed, Popline, and Global Health databases; as well as websites of USAID/DELIVER Project, Measure DHS and Federal Ministry of Health. The study revealed that a wide range of contraceptives are included in the essential drug list to be used in secondary facilities, while only a few ones are selected to be used in primary facilities which serve the majority of rural population. Forecasting is done using issue data from the central warehouse because facilities are not generating reliable consumption data. Inventory control is poor in rural facilities, and these facilities do not follow the established inventory control guidelines. The study therefore demonstrates that the current essential drug list should be reviewed in order to include injectables for use in primary facilities, strengthen the current forecasting, data reporting and inventory control system.

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The Assessment of Drug Utilization Study of Anticancer Drugs Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in a Government Tertiary Care Hospital of the Hyderabad - Karnataka Region of India

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.249 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 1203-1208 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Asmatanzeem Bepari ◽

Nayana Sakre ◽

Ishrat Rahman ◽

Shaik Kalimulla Niazi ◽

Asmabi M. Dervesh

Keyword(s):

Anticancer Drugs ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Inappropriate Drug ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Essential Drug ◽

Prescribing Indicators ◽

Rational Use ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Drug List

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major burden and threat to global society. A wide range of chemotherapeutic agents is extensively used to treat cancer at different stages. Inappropriate drug use may also lead to the raised cost of medical care, adverse drug effects, and patient mortality. Hence, in recent years, drug utilisation studies have become a potential tool to be used in the evaluation of different health care systems including cancer. AIMS: The objectives of the study were to identify the various types of cancer, the commonly prescribed drugs, rational use of anticancer drugs, and analyse the prescribing indicators in a tertiary care government hospital of India. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Newly diagnosed cancer and/or known case of carcinoma of either sex which required treatment/on treatment with chemotherapy aged > 18 yrs admitted in Radiotherapy Department from April 2016 to September 2016 were included in the study and analysed for prescribing indicators. RESULTS: The head & neck cancers were the prevalent cancers observed with more preponderance among males. Most of the patients were prescribed with a single anticancer drug. Cisplatin was the most commonly used cytotoxic drug followed by carboplatin, and antimetabolites. The most commonly used adjuvant drugs in our study were anti-emetics and anti-peptic ulcer drugs. Over 82% of anticancer agents were taken from the essential drug list and were prescribed in generic names, indicating rational use. CONCLUSION: Over 82% of anticancer agents were taken from the essential drug list and were prescribed in generic names, indicating rational use.

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