The Role of African Universities in Training and Mentorship of Biotechnology Scientists to Embark on Future Challenges in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
Idah Sithole-Niang
Keyword(s):  
Future Challenges

The role of lipids in renal disease: Future challenges

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (s75) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Future Challenges

scholarly journals Primary and Memory Response of Human Monocytes to Vaccines: Role of Nanoparticulate Antigens in Inducing Innate Memory

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Mayra M. Ferrari Ferrari Barbosa ◽  
Alex Issamu Kanno ◽  
Leonardo Paiva Farias ◽  
Mariusz Madej ◽  
Gergö Sipos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Neisseria Lactamica ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages

Innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages are activated in response to microbial and other challenges and mount an inflammatory defensive response. Exposed cells develop the so-called innate memory, which allows them to react differently to a subsequent challenge, aiming at better protection. In this study, using human primary monocytes in vitro, we have assessed the memory-inducing capacity of two antigenic molecules of Schistosoma mansoni in soluble form compared to the same molecules coupled to outer membrane vesicles of Neisseria lactamica. The results show that particulate challenges are much more efficient than soluble molecules in inducing innate memory, which is measured as the production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10). Controls run with LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to the whole bacteria show that while LPS alone has strong memory-inducing capacity, the entire bacteria are more efficient. These data suggest that microbial antigens that are unable to induce innate immune activation can nevertheless participate in innate activation and memory when in a particulate form, which is a notion that supports the use of nanoparticulate antigens in vaccination strategies for achieving adjuvant-like effects of innate activation as well as priming for improved reactivity to future challenges.

scholarly journals Using chemical biology to assess and modulate mitochondria: progress and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Logan ◽  
Michael P. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Many ◽  
Opening Up

Our understanding of the role of mitochondria in biomedical sciences has expanded considerably over the past decade. In addition to their well-known metabolic roles, mitochondrial are also central to signalling for various processes through the generation of signals such as ROS and metabolites that affect cellular homeostasis, as well as other processes such as cell death and inflammation. Thus, mitochondrial function and dysfunction are central to the health and fate of the cell. Consequently, there is considerable interest in better understanding and assessing the many roles of mitochondria. Furthermore, there is also a growing realization that mitochondrial are a promising drug target in a wide range of pathologies. The application of interdisciplinary approaches at the interface between chemistry and biology are opening up new opportunities to understand mitochondrial function and in assessing the role of the organelle in biology. This work and the experience thus gained are leading to the development of new classes of therapies. Here, we overview the progress that has been made to date on exploring the chemical biology of the organelle and then focus on future challenges and opportunities that face this rapidly developing field.

A review on the role of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19: safety and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapam Ningthemba Singh ◽  
Vavilada Satya Swamy Venkatesh ◽  
Ashish Bhalchandra Deoghare
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Purpose During the COVID-19 pandemic, the three-dimensional (3D) printing community is actively participating to address the supply chain gap of essential medical supplies such as face masks, face shields, door adapters, test swabs and ventilator valves. This paper aims to present a comprehensive study on the role of 3D printing during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, its safety and its challenges. Design/methodology/approach This review paper focuses on the applications of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 along with the safety and challenges associated with 3D printing to fight COVID-19. The literature presented in this paper is collected from the journal indexing engines including Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, Web of Science, etc. The main keywords used for searches were 3D printing COVID-19, Safety of 3D printed parts, Sustainability of 3D printing, etc. Further possible iterations of the keywords were used to collect the literature. Findings The applications of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 are 3D printed face masks, shields, ventilator valves, test swabs, drug deliveries and hands-free door adapters. As most of these measures are implemented hastily, the safety and reliability of these parts often lacked approval. The safety concerns include the safety of the printed parts, operators and secondary personnel such as the workers in material preparation and transportation. The future challenges include sustainability of the process, long term supply chain, intellectual property and royalty-free models, etc. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive study on the applications of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 with emphasis on the safety and challenges in it.

scholarly journals Intellection of Upbringing in Global Context of Present and Future Challenges in Pedagogy

JAHR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
Snježana Dubovicki ◽  
Marta Budić
Keyword(s):  
University Teaching ◽  
Traditional Teaching ◽  
Teaching Process ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Educational Role ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
The University

Intellection of upbringing in the global context of science that deals with theoretical and practical research in the field of upbringing and education at all levels has brought about a revival. Traditional teaching, which pays more attention to education and less to upbringing, has led to a partial diminishing in the importance of upbringing at higher levels of education, especially in a university context. Various translations of works from other languages into English, often translating upbringing as education, also contributed to this. In order to give upbringing a place it deserves in the university teaching, and to equate it with education in a university context, we considered social forms as potential preconditions for “returning” the presence of upbringing activities to the university level. By looking at this issue through the teaching process, it was important to emphasize the contribution of pedagogy workshop to encouraging the upbringing function of teaching. We have distinguished the pedagogy workshop from other social forms because participation in it equally affects the sensory, emotional, and moral functions of all participants in the teaching process (and not just intellectual ones), which were important in the research of the role of upbringing. Previous research has shown that creative university teaching contributes to fostering the educational role of teaching and helps self-actualization, which is beneficial for all participants in the teaching process.

scholarly journals Health Care Robotics: Qualitative Exploration of Key Challenges and Future Directions (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Cresswell ◽  
Sarah Cunningham-Burley ◽  
Aziz Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
International Health ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Health Care Settings ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Qualitative Exploration ◽  
Robotic Applications

BACKGROUND The emergence of robotics is transforming industries around the world. Robot technologies are evolving exponentially, particularly as they converge with other functionalities such as artificial intelligence to learn from their environment, from each other, and from humans. OBJECTIVE The goal of the research was to understand the emerging role of robotics in health care and identify existing and likely future challenges to maximize the benefits associated with robotics and related convergent technologies. METHODS We conducted qualitative semistructured one-to-one interviews exploring the role of robotic applications in health care contexts. Using purposive sampling, we identified a diverse range of stakeholders involved in conceiving, procuring, developing, and using robotics in a range of national and international health care settings. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically, supported by NVivo 10 (QSR International) software. Theoretically, this work was informed by the sociotechnical perspective, where social and technical systems are understood as being interdependent. RESULTS We conducted 21 interviews and these accounts suggested that there are significant opportunities for improving the safety, quality, and efficiency of health care through robotics, but our analysis identified 4 major barriers that need to be effectively negotiated to realize these: (1) no clear pull from professionals and patients, (2) appearance of robots and associated expectations and concerns, (3) disruption of the way work is organized and distributed, and (4) new ethical and legal challenges requiring flexible liability and ethical frameworks. CONCLUSIONS Sociotechnical challenges associated with the effective integration of robotic applications in health care settings are likely to be significant, particularly for patient-facing functions. These need to be identified and addressed for effective innovation and adoption.

Educators, professional bodies and the future of the valuation profession

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-399
Author(s):  
Sara Wilkinson ◽  
Dulani Halvitigala ◽  
Hera Antoniades
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Continuing Professional Development ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Professional Body

Purpose Valuers face significant challenges as valuation becomes automated and the role evolves from economic analysis to data handling and processing. The purpose of this paper is to identify new knowledge and skills Valuers will need in the future and the role of professional bodies and educators in meeting future challenges in Australia, although the issues are considered global. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative research sought a deeper understanding of the issues, threats, challenges, opportunities, new areas of practice and knowledge that Valuers were experiencing with a view to identifying the role of professional bodies, industry and educators to meet the challenges. A focus group approach was adopted to collect data from practitioners in Sydney and Melbourne. Findings The roles of the professional body the Australian Property Institute, industry/employers and educators to meet these future challenges were identified. Changes are required to degree programme content in respect of digital technologies and statistical knowledge and skills. Continuing professional development programmes are required to address knowledge and skills gaps in existing practitioners. Research limitations/implications In this study, key limitations were that focus group participants were from Melbourne and Sydney only, and the focus is NSW and Victoria centric, although many participants have international work experience. Overall there was under representation of rural Valuers, of small valuation firms, of young, recently joined or qualified Valuers and females. Originality/value This is original research and highlights some real threats, issues and challenges facing the Australian Valuers. It complements work undertaken by legal and accounting professional bodies who perceive change and uncertainty affecting membership and services. To address and where, appropriate, embrace the changes that are coming and those already here, a manifesto for action for educators and the professional body is established.

Functional role of single-atom catalysts in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Current developments and future challenges

2022 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
pp. 214289
Author(s):  
Priyanka Aggarwal ◽  
Debasish Sarkar ◽  
Kamlendra Awasthi ◽  
Prashanth W. Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Single Atom ◽  
Future Challenges
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