Integrated Postharvest Strategies for Management of Phytophthora Brown Rot of Citrus in the United States

2014 ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Adaskaveg ◽  
H. Förster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals (94) White-fleshed Peaches and Nectarines for the Southeastern United States

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029B-1029
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
W.R. Okie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Long Distance Transport

White-fleshed peaches and nectarines are delicacies that have been enjoyed for centuries around the world. They are native to China and were introduced to the United States in the 1800s. Some white-fleshed peaches and nectarines are highly perishable and bruise easily, but are of very high eating quality. These are perhaps best suited for the local roadside market, where they can be sold and consumed more quickly. Others are much firmer at harvest, have a longer shelf life. and are suitable for long-distance transport to wholesale markets. White-fleshed peaches and nectarines may have some acidity or they may be very low acid with high sugar content (°Brix). Some novel flat (peento or donut) types also exist. Proximity to an urban market with a substantial Asian population is advantageous because Asians, in particular, often prefer the low-acid flavor and are willing to pay premium prices for high quality fruits. In our peach and nectarine cultivar evaluation program at Clemson University, we are currently evaluating 70 cultivars and advanced selections at four different locations in South Carolina. Several of these have been evaluated since 2000 and the “top performers” over the last six seasons by ripening date (earliest to latest) include the following: `Sugar May', `Scarletpearl', `Snowbrite', `Southernpearl', `White Lady', `Sugar Lady', `Summer Sweet', `Sugar Giant', `Stark's Summer Pearl', `Snow King', and `Snow Giant'. In general, most of the white nectarines and the flat/donut peaches and nectarines have serious problems with insect damage and brown rot. Complete details of our peach and nectarine (yellow- and white-flesh) evaluation work in South Carolina since 2000 will be noted by referring to my peach website (http://www.clemson.edu/hort/Peach/index.php).

scholarly journals Genome Resource: Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotype II Sequevar 1 (Race 3 Biovar 2) Strain UW848 From the 2020 U.S. Geranium Introduction

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-208
Author(s):  
Veronica Roman-Reyna ◽  
Alicia Truchon ◽  
Parul Sharma ◽  
Francesca Peduto Hand ◽  
Reza Mazloom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Pandemic Strains ◽  
Potato Brown Rot ◽  
Tomato Bacterial Wilt

Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II sequevar 1 (RsII-1, formerly race 3 biovar 2) causes tomato bacterial wilt, potato brown rot, and Southern wilt of geranium. Strains in RsII-1 cause wilting in potato and tomato at cooler temperatures than tropical lowland R. solanacearum strains. Although periodically introduced, RsII-1 has not established in the United States. This pathogen is of quarantine concern and listed as a Federal Select Agent. We report a rapidly sequenced (<2 days) draft genome of UW848, a RsII-1 isolate introduced to the United States in geranium cuttings in spring 2020. UW848 belongs to the near-clonal cluster of RsII-1 global pandemic strains.

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, Biovar 2 Strains Isolated from Geranium Are Pathogenic on Potato

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Williamson ◽  
Kazuhiro Nakaho ◽  
Brian Hudelson ◽  
Caitilyn Allen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Potato Brown Rot ◽  
Rot Disease

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 is a soilborne bacterium that causes potato brown rot disease in temperate and subtropical climates. Recent outbreaks of this disease in Europe have caused serious losses, but the pathogen had not been identified in the United States. However, in 1999, strains of R. solanacearum were isolated from wilting geraniums growing in Wisconsin greenhouses. Physiological and biochemical tests of the Wisconsin strains and a similar strain from South Dakota demonstrated that the strains belong to R. solanacearum subgroup biovar 2, which is largely synonymous with the race 3 subgroup, a classification based on host range. These results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analyses in which race 3, biovar 2-specific primers amplified a fragment of the expected size. This is the first report of race 3, biovar 2 in the United States, and it is the first known occurrence of race 3, biovar 2 in Wiscon-sin. The geranium strains were highly pathogenic on both geranium and potato. The presence of R. solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 in the United States raises concern that the bacterium could move from ornamental plants into potato fields, where it could cause both direct economic damage and quarantine problems. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for R. solanacearum produced some false negatives for these strains, indicating that current indexing may not be sufficient to identify this destructive pathogen.

scholarly journals First Report of Pilidium concavum Causing Tan-brown Rot on Strawberry Nursery Stock in South Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1010-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fernández-Ortuño ◽  
P. K. Bryson ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Wide Range

Pilidium concavum (Desm.) Höhn. [synanamorph: Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Höhn.] is an opportunistic pathogen that causes leaf spots and stem necrosis in a wide range of hosts, including strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) (1,2). In October 2013, 24 strawberry plug plants (cv. Chandler) with brown to dark brown necrotic lesions on stolons were obtained from a nursery in Easley, SC. The lesions were oval shaped and varied in length from 2 to 8 mm. The tips of stolons with larger spots had died. To isolate the causal agent, 3 to 5 cm of necrotic stolon tissue was surface disinfected for 1 min with 10% bleach, rinsed with sterile distilled water, air dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 7 days of incubation at 22°C, pink-orange masses of spores emerged. Single spore colonies on PDA produced a gray to brown colony with whitish aerial mycelium. Numerous discoid to hemisphaerical conidiomata (0.3 to 2.2 mm in diameter) developed with a dark base and exuded a pink, slimy mass that contained many conidia. Conidiophores (10.2 to 47.8 × 0.8 to 2.0 μm) were hyaline, unicellular, cylindrical, and filiform. Conidia (3.0 to 8.5 × 1.0 to 2.9 μm) were aseptate, fusiform, hyaline, and canoe-shaped to allantoid. On the basis of morphology, the pathogen was identified as P. concavum (3). The internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 was amplified by PCR and sequenced with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). The sequence was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. KF911079) and showed 100% homology with sequences of P. concavum. Pathogenicity was examined on strawberry fruit and leaves. Our previous efforts to achieve infection without wounding failed, which is consistent with experiences of other scientists (not cited). Thus, 24 strawberry fruit were wounded (1 cm deep) with a needle once, and submerged for 3 min in a conidial suspension (2 × 106 conidia ml−1). Controls were wounded and submerged in sterile water. After 4 days of incubation at 22°C, characteristic symptoms were observed at the wound site only on inoculated fruit. Detached leaves (about 6 cm in diameter) from 3- to 4-week-old strawberry plants cv. Chandler were surface sterilized and placed right side up in petri dishes (one leaf per dish) containing water agar. Leaves were inoculated at one site with a 50 μl conidial suspension (2 × 106 conidia ml−1) after inflicting a scraping-type injury with a needle to the surface at the point of inoculation. Control leaves received just water. After 7 days of incubation at 22°C, only the inoculated leaves showed symptoms similar to those observed on strawberry stolons. The fungus was re-isolated from symptomatic fruit and leaf lesions and identity was confirmed based on morphological features. The experiments were repeated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. concavum causing tan-brown rot on strawberry tissue in South Carolina. Prior to this study, the pathogen has been described from different hosts and countries including Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Iran, Poland, and the United States. Contamination of strawberry nursery stock by P. concavum could become a plant health management issue in the United States, especially if the pathogen is transferred to strawberry production areas. Further information on in-field occurrence of P. concacum is needed. References: (1) J. Debode et al. Plant Dis. 95:1029, 2011. (2) W. L. Gen et al. Plant Dis. 96:1377, 2012. (3) A. Y. Rossman et al. Mycol. Prog. 3:275, 2004. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

scholarly journals Confirmation of European Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia laxa on Tart Cherry, Prunus cerasus, in Western New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Villani ◽  
K. D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Shoot Blight

Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey and M. laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey are two pathogens causing brown rot in the United States. While the presence of M. fructicola has been confirmed in all major stone-fruit-production regions in the United States, M. laxa has yet to be detected in much of the eastern production regions. In July 2008, a planting of tart cherries cv. Surefire in Appleton, NY developed severe shoot blight. Blighted shoots (>15% of first-year shoots) were wilted and light brown with the blight encompassing the distal end and often extending into second-year tissue with a distinct sunken margin. Leaves on symptomatic shoots had flushed, but were blighted. Blossom spurs were either blighted at bloom or bore fruit, which were subsequently blighted. Gummosis was commonly observed from cankers at the base of spurs. Both mature and immature mummified fruit in addition to spurs and shoot tissue were sporulating in a manner characteristic of Monilinia (2). Eleven branches displaying symptoms were removed for isolation. Sections of symptomatic shoots (5 cm long) were surface sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl for 1 min and rinsed in sterile dH2O. Cross sections of shoot tissue (3 mm thick), in addition to spores from fruit and spurs, were placed on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate. Following incubation at 24°C for 5 days, 24 colonies exhibiting morphology consistent with that of M. fructicola (uniform colony margin) were obtained, along with nine colonies exhibiting lobed colony margins, commonly associated with M. laxa (3). All colonies resembling M. fructicola were isolated from fruit, whereas those resembling M. laxa were isolated from spurs and shoots. Conidia from both colony morphotypes were lemon-shaped, but those from putative M. laxa isolates were smaller on average (10.75 × 12.0 μm) compared with those from putative M. fructicola isolates (15.75 × 18.25 μm). Confirmation of M. laxa was also accomplished by inoculation of mature green pear (2). Pears inoculated with 104 putative M. laxa conidia per ml produced a region of white-buff colored mycelium but no spores within the inoculated area, while M. fructicola-inoculated pears sporulated abundantly. Identity was further confirmed by PCR amplification of the β-tubulin gene using M. laxa specific primers as previously described (1). Pathogenicity was proven by inoculating flowering shoots of tart cherry trees (cv. Montmorency) in spring 2009. Twenty shoots were spray inoculated with either 104 M. laxa conidia per ml or sterile dH2O and covered with plastic bags for 24 h. Shoots were monitored for symptom development on a weekly basis. Shoots inoculated with M. laxa developed characteristic shoot blight symptoms, while those inoculated with water remained healthy. M. laxa was reisolated from symptomatic shoots and spurs, but not water-inoculated tissues. The presence of M. laxa is reported for the Great Lakes region, which includes New York, but to our knowledge, this report is the first confirmed instance of economically devastating brown rot caused by M. laxa in New York. In the coming seasons, tart cherry growers must consider revising chemical management programs to protect against European brown rot infection during bloom. References: (1) Z. Ma et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:449, 2005. (2) J. M. Ogawa et al. Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) G. C. M. van Leeuwen and H. A. van Kesteren. Can. J. Bot. 76:2042, 1998.

scholarly journals Recovery Plan for Monilinia polystroma Causing Asiatic Brown Rot of Stone Fruit

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Cox ◽  
S. M. Villani ◽  
Anna Poniatowska ◽  
Guido Schnabel ◽  
Imre Holb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Recovery Plan ◽  
The Impact

Stone fruit are an economically important group of specialty fruit crops in the United States. Species of the fungal genus Monilinia are some of the most important pathogens of stone fruit worldwide. These pathogens cause blossom blight, shoot blight, and brown fruit rot in temperate production regions. The most common species of Monilinia pathogenic on stone fruit include Monilinia fructicola, M. laxa, M. fructigena, and M. polystroma. Presently, neither M. polystroma, the causal agent of “Asiatic brown rot”, nor M. fructigena, one of the causal agents of “European brown rot”, have been reported in North America. Interestingly, both species can also cause brown rot of apple, which is densely planted in the eastern United States. This recovery plan was produced as part of the National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS), called for in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 9 (HSPD-9) to ensure that the tools, infrastructure, communication networks, and capacity required to mitigate the impact of high-consequence plant disease outbreaks are such that a reasonable level of crop production is maintained. It is intended to provide a brief primer on the disease, assess the status of critical recovery components, and identify disease management research, extension, and education needs.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Rot (Monilinia fructicola) on the Dogwood, Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas)

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 1275-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Beckerman ◽  
T. Creswell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Cornelian Cherry ◽  
Cornus Mas ◽  
Shoot Blight

Cornelian cherries (Cornus mas), also called cornels, are members of the dogwood family (Cornaceae), and are not true cherries. Cornelian cherry is primarily grown as an edible landscape ornamental in the United States. Brown rot, caused by fungi in the genus Monilinia, is one of the most important diseases of stone fruit worldwide. In the United States, M. fructicola is the most commonly observed Monilina species, although M. fructigena and the European brown rot pathogen, M. laxa, may also infect stone fruit. M. fructigena is the only Monilinia species reported to infect cornelian cherry, but there is only a single report of it occurring in the United States (1,4). All three species have similar morphology and are commonly misidentified (1,3,4). In August of 2010 and 2013, in one location, brown rot was observed on fruit of the cornelian cherry cultivar Elegans. In both instances, only ‘Elegans’ fruit was infected while neighboring ‘Sunrise’ exhibited no symptoms in the field, and lesions did not appear to develop into shoot blight. In 2013, single-spore isolates from the diseased fruit were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Colony morphology was consistent with M. fructicola and was rapidly growing, gray, producing concentric rings, and developing smooth colony margins. Conidia were hyaline, 10 × 15 μm, and formed in branched, monilioid chains of varying lengths (1). Molecular-based species identification was performed on the 450-bp amplified ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, using primers ITS1 and ITS4. BLAST searches of the ITS sequences in GenBank showed the highest similarity (100%) with sequences of M. fructicola isolates from Italy (FJ411110), China (FJ515894), and Spain (EF207423). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating surface-sterilized, mature ‘Sunrise’ fruit with mycelial plugs of the isolate identified with the ITS sequence. Mycelial plugs (3 mm in diameter) were removed from the periphery of a 5-day-old colony and placed upside down into five fruit that were wound-inoculated with a 3-mm cork borer, petiole hole-end inoculated, or unwounded but inoculated; control fruit for each treatment received sterile plugs of PDA as a control. All fruit was stored in a moist chamber for the duration of the experiment. Wound-inoculated fruit developed symptoms within 2 days; sporulating lesions developed within 5 days. Symptoms of infection via the petiole developed in 4 days; by day six, three of the five inoculated fruit were infected, and four of the five were infected by day eight. Unwounded, inoculated fruit showed symptoms on day six; three of the five fruit were infected by day eight. None of the control inoculations showed Monilinia infection. Pathogens were re-isolated from the inoculated fruit and confirmed to be M. fructicola on the basis of morphological characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first fulfillment of Koch's postulates demonstrating that M. fructicola can infect cornelian cherry. A previous report by Höhnel in 1918 described infection by Lambertella corni-mas of a cornelian cherry in Austria; however, the taxonomic details presented are consistent with M. fructigena (2). References: (1) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (2) T. H. Harrison and A. F. El-Helaly. Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans. 19:199, 1935. (3) C. R. Lane. EPPO Bulletin 32:489, 2002. (4) E. M. Sagasta. EPPO Bulletin 7:105, 1977.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

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