Measuring and Visualising Projects’ Collective Method Rationale

2016 ◽  
pp. 344-352
Author(s):  
Fredrik Linander ◽  
Kai Wistrand ◽  
Fredrik Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Collective Method

VI Non-Cancellable Disability Insurance

1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
J. Hamilton-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Sickness Insurance ◽  
Collective Method ◽  
Made In

There are two methods of dealing with the actuarial features of sickness insurance—the collective method and the reversionary method.Unfortunately, perhaps the two methods have developed quite independently of each other, for historical reasons.The collective method was used in Great Britain to investigate Friendly Society experience. The pattern for all subsequent investigations was set in the 1820s and brought to its culmination of refinement in Watson's Manchester Unity Experience still in the Institute's examination syllabus, 66 years after publication. No investigation of insured lives has yet been made in Great Britain. In the rest of this note the term ‘Manchester Unity method’ will be used to describe the collective method.

Widows' Funds: Some Notes on Theory and Practice

1951 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 145-191
Author(s):  
D. A. B. Scrimgeour
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
Collective Method

SynopsisThe Paper deals with some of the problems which arise in the valuation of Widows' Funds with special reference to the Widows' Funds of certain professional bodies in Scotland.An analysis is made of data derived from the Scottish Bankers' Marriage and Mortality Experience 1923–1943 (T.F.A., 19, p. 149) with a view to determining the applicability of the Collective Method to a valuation of the “existing” at the close of that Experience.The various factors entering into a Widows' Fund valuation are examined in relation to a particular Fund and the importance of the valuation rate of interest illustrated.The Paper concludes with a discussion of the “reserve for loss on future entrants” often met with in the valuations of such Funds, and of the arguments for and against proposals which have been made for its elimination.

Scottish Bankers' Mortality and Marriage Experience, 1903–1923

1925 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 213-281
Author(s):  
Alexander Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Collective Method ◽  
Life Annuities ◽  
Effects Of War ◽  
Husband And Wife

Synopsis of PaperInvestigation into experience from 1903 to 1923 of five Scottish Banks' Widows' Funds; Bachelors, Married Men + Widowers, Wives and Widows, dealt with separately for mortality (total exposed to risk 99,354, 1305 deaths); Bachelors and Widowers separately for marriage experience (757 marriages).Description pf methods of obtaining Exposed to Risk, etc., with special reference to exclusion of War period for younger male lives.Males:—Low mortality at younger ages ; same improvement not maintained at older ages ; Bachelor mortality much higher than for Married Men at all ages. Females :—Exceptionally light mortality at younger ages ; improvement continued to some extent to oldest ages. Comparisons made with Hewat's 1893 experience.Marriage:—Rates for Bachelors less than Hewat's at early ages, higher at principal marrying ages, and then again lower. Rates for Widowers much higher than for Bachelors. Difference between ages of husband and wife at marriage of Bachelors three years less than by Hewat.Comparisons of Monetary Values—Whole Life Annuities and Annuities to Widows by first and second Marriages of Bachelors, etc.—with values by Hewat and Huie.Valuation of Fund by new tables compared with valuation by Hewat and Huie ; reserves very similar for old-established Fund ; liabilities for young Bachelor entrants lighter.Collective method, based on deaths in period. Liability in Valuation substantially lower than by Reversionary Annuity method; examination of difference, traced mainly to effects of War on marriage status. Discussion of the two methods, with references to Schjoll's alternative Collective method, based on living at end of period.Tables at 3, 3½, and 4 per cent.; all tables given by Hewat and Huie relating to payments on marriage and to widows' annuities. Collective Method ; tables at 3½ per cent.

Notes concerning some practical points that arise in the valuation of Widows' Funds

1926 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-320
Author(s):  
R. C. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Collective Method ◽  
Recent Establishment

The points to be considered in these notes arose in connection with the first valuation of two new Widows' and Orphans' Funds both of which were investigated practically concurrently. In view of the recent establishment of the Funds, it was impossible to obtain any satisfactory experience as regards rates of marriage, mortality, &c., and therefore it was realized at the outset that the valuations would have to be made, at least mainly, upon the basis of data derived from other sources. At the same time, bearing in mind the fact that if the Collective Method of valuation were employed, it would be possible to obtain from the data representing the existing membership certain information that might be of service, it was resolved to approach the problem from that point of view rather than merely to fall back upon the use of extraneous tables. As the work progressed, a number of matters arose that appeared to be of general interest rather than of purely immediate importance, and these notes have been prepared in order to describe and to discuss the chief points that called for consideration.

scholarly journals Collective method of proton acceleration

1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Sarantsev
Keyword(s):  
Proton Acceleration ◽  
Collective Method

Presencing Our Absencing

2013 ◽  
pp. 29-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Theory U ◽  
Human Need ◽  
Collective Method

This chapter raises awareness of the persistent need in the majority of group participants to avoid publicly exposing in their conversations the vulnerability generated by their profound human need for each other’s acceptance and approval. A willingness to risk this exposure is required for successfully creating the open interpersonal field critical to the effectiveness of Scharmer’s Theory U methodology. Scharmer recognizes this resistance in his description of the “Voices of Judgment, Cynicism, and Fear,” and in participants’ avoidance of exposing their vulnerability to each other. However, he does not offer an adequate methodological remedy. In this chapter, the group participants’ egos are identified as the source of all forms of avoidance of the interpersonal risks required if conversations are to be open, creative, and transformative. A collective method is presented which a group can use to diminish the negative impact of their egos on their conversations, increase interpersonal safety, and strengthen the group’s capacity to sustain “presencing conversations.” This method, called “Presencing Our Absencing” follows the format of Scharmer’s U model for group conversations.

scholarly journals Using the Role Play Method in Military Pedagogy

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-324
Author(s):  
Ştefania Bumbuc
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Commanding Officers ◽  
Collective Method ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis paper aims to identify and discuss relevant issues, in terms of military pedagogy, regarding the using of role play in the training of future officers, given the characteristics of the military organization and the psycho-behavioral traits required of commanding officers. A secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data (collected through an opinion questionnaire) was conducted. The results show that role play is perceived as an effective method of training, especially for the psycho-behavioral and attitudinal component, and less for the intellectual component of personality. The data show that, although role play is a collective method, which can only take place with the participation of the military team, the process of developing leadership skills is an individual one. Every student, whether actor or observer during the role play, evolves on their own, regardless of their relationship with colleagues or their position in the military team. The timely and proper intervention of instructor-facilitator in the role play could increase the success rate of this pedagogical method.

scholarly journals Production of Historical Works in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Some Notes on the State of Recent Publications 1991-97

Aethiopica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 176-206
Author(s):  
Bairu Tafla
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Collective Method ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Made In

As the random samples in the preceding notes show, publications of various kinds and qualities have been continuously produced (albeit obvious financial, political and technical difficulties) in Ethiopia and Eritrea in Amharic, English, Gǝʿǝz, and Tǝgrǝñña throughout the decades of this century, and particularly in the present one. In the field of history, which has been taken as a point of focus in this article, conspicuous progress seems to have been made in the last half a dozen or so years as a result of the enhancement of historical consciousness promoted partly through education and partly through the prevailing political circumstances which awakened many, at least in the case of Ethiopia, to the uncertainties that have been looming up on the horizon. In the case of Eritrea, the primary drive seems to have been the search for identity and self-assertion following the attainment of sovereignty. Another factor is the rise of a relatively vast and rapacious readership in both countries evolving from the educational efforts of the last half of a century and the general literacy cam­paign which accompanied formal schooling. Furthermore, there has been a marked ex­pan­sion of printing facilities, bookshops and libraries, as well as some pioneering publishing houses – all of which might have provided an impetus in their own way. The production of some works critical of the contemporary government may also reflect the existence of a relative relaxation in censorship, at least in the early years of the decade, a unique situation which was unthinkable under the monarchy and the Marxist regime.Two significant aspects of the recent production of historical works in Ethiopia and Eritrea have been the marked improvement in quality as well as the increase in thematic variety. Episodic, epochal, biographical and autobiographical studies are prevailing over the traditional tendency of commencing history with Adam and Eve. Likewise, the narrative and/or collective method of history is gradually giving way to the interpretive, but not at the expense of source materials which are also being sought, collected and published.Most of the works have a touch of originality, as they incorporate, consciously or otherwise, materials derived from oral traditions and personal observations of the authors. It is, therefore, time for scholars, reviewers, bibliographers and librarians outside those countries to take these works seriously into account.

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