Notes concerning some practical points that arise in the valuation of Widows' Funds

1926 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-320
Author(s):  
R. C. Simmonds

The points to be considered in these notes arose in connection with the first valuation of two new Widows' and Orphans' Funds both of which were investigated practically concurrently. In view of the recent establishment of the Funds, it was impossible to obtain any satisfactory experience as regards rates of marriage, mortality, &c., and therefore it was realized at the outset that the valuations would have to be made, at least mainly, upon the basis of data derived from other sources. At the same time, bearing in mind the fact that if the Collective Method of valuation were employed, it would be possible to obtain from the data representing the existing membership certain information that might be of service, it was resolved to approach the problem from that point of view rather than merely to fall back upon the use of extraneous tables. As the work progressed, a number of matters arose that appeared to be of general interest rather than of purely immediate importance, and these notes have been prepared in order to describe and to discuss the chief points that called for consideration.

1949 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-231
Author(s):  
L. G. K. Starke

This paper is the record of an attempt by an ordinary actuary, who entered the profession in days when statistics were but a nugatory ingredient in the examination syllabus, to get a little clearer in his mind about some of the similarities and differences between the traditional technique of the actuary and the methods which have been developed for dealing with statistical material in other fields. It seemed that the result might be of some general interest, and it is from this point of view that the paper is submitted to the Institute.


Author(s):  
Анна Алексеевна Троицкая

Статья посвящена одной из сторон творчества английского миниатюриста-эмальера Уильяма Эссекса, выполнившего серию исторических портретов представителей тюдоровской династии. В контексте общего интереса к английской истории, а также определенной ретроспективной тенденции, свойственной викторианской эпохе, работы Эссекса демонстрируют восприятие портретной миниатюры как воплощение образов прошлого и как характерную «вещицу из прошлого». Традиция создавать небольшие изображения, предназначенные для приватного созерцания, довольно стара, и англичане, преуспевшие в развитии портретного жанра, на протяжении нескольких столетий были долгое время увлечены ею. В данной статье произведения Уильяма Эссекса рассматриваются с точки зрения стилистических и технических аспектов создания миниатюры, что позволяет осветить вопросы, связанные со сменой восприятия этой малой формы портретного искусства. Парадоксальность ситуации воспроизведения в миниатюре портретов английских монархов c миниатюрных же оригиналов, написанных в XVI – начале XVII вв., исследуется в статье с позиций теории и практики коллекционирования как способа взаимодействия с историей. Интерес к прошлому, разнообразно проявившийся в культуре викторианской Англии, здесь усиливается необходимостью представления фамильной истории английской короны. Выбор формы для ее визуализации определен предпочтением личного, приватного искусства миниатюры, которое придает обращению к истории сентиментальный характер. В контексте зарождения и распространения фотографических портретов той эпохи эмалевые миниатюры выступают как носители образов прошлого, как воплощение угасающего рукотворного искусства, вытесняемого новыми техническими средствами. Наконец, работа Эссекса над историческими портретами тюдоровской Англии, с его стремлением к формально-стилистическому подобию, становится частью сложного ретроспективного механизма, подобного двойной цитате, поскольку оригиналы воспроизводимых миниатюр также не являлись исходными изображениями. Анализ художественно-образных средств, характерных для серии портретов-миниатюр, и исторических обстоятельств возникновения интереса заказчика к конкретным образам прошлого позволяет выявить тонкую грань между воспроизведением и стилизацией, следованием традиции и идеализацией. Исследование специфического художественного опыта создания этих миниатюр обнаруживает особый способ обращения к культурной памяти, а также характер семейных и национальных ценностей, воплощенных через формирование коллекции. Практика коллекционирования – одно из проявлений викторианской визуальной культуры – в данном случае оказывает определенное влияние и на моделирование английской истории, и на формирование художественного вкуса эпохи. The article addresses the artworks of William Essex, an English enamel-painter, who created a series of the Tudors’ historical portraits. In the context of general interest in English history, as well as a certain retrospective trend peculiar for the Victorian era, William Essex`s works exemplify the miniature portraits as the embodiment of images from the past and as something characteristic to the past. The tradition of small-size portraits intended for private contemplation is quite old, and the British, who have succeeded in the development of the portrait genre, have been rather keen on it for several centuries. The article considers William Essex’s miniatures from the point of view of the stylistic and technical aspects of the genre, which allows casting some light on the issues related to the change of perception of this minor art form. The paradox of duplication by Essex of original sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century miniatures is investigated in the article from the standpoint of the theory and practice of collecting as a way of interaction with history. The reason why the miniatures were commissioned by the Queen is both in necessity to create a gallery of family history of the English crown and in the Victorians` taste for reconstruction of the past. The choice of form for its embodiment is determined by the preference for personal, private miniature art, which gives a sentimental character to the appeal to history. In the context of the origin and spread of daguerreotypes at the time, enamel miniatures act as representatives of images of the past and the phenomenon of the fading handmade art, displaced by new technical means. In addition, Essex’s work on the Tudors’ historical portraits, with his aim for formal and stylistic resemblance, is included in a complex retrospective mechanism, like a double quote, since the sources of the reproduced miniatures were also not painted from the life and had their own originals. The analysis of artistic and imagery methods, characteristic for this series of miniatures, as well as the description of the historical circumstances in which the customer took interest in the specific images from the past, allows exposing a fine line between imitation and stylization, between tradition and idealization. In conclusion, it is stated that the specific artistic experience of the creation of these miniatures reveals a peculiar way to refer to the cultural memory, to assert some family and national values evoked in the process of the formation of the collection. Here the practice of collecting (one of the manifestations of the Victorian visual culture) is closely connected with the modeling of English history and the artistic taste of the era.


Author(s):  
Korine Amacher ◽  
Eric Aunoble

In 2017, general-interest magazines illustrated the centenary of the Russian Revolution with stills from Eisenstein’s October [Октябрь] (1927). One strikingly showed soldiers rushing across a square to represent the storming of the Winter Palace by Bolshevik fighters on 7 November 1917. In reality, the actual assault was slow and even laborious. But for Western audiences, this film sequence has become an archive image, a piece of history. This type of substitution of artistic representation for historical reality conflicts with the positive construction of our knowledge of the past. Indeed, historians long refused to include literature and films in their historical research, as well as art in general, which has been mainly analysed from an aesthetic point of view.


2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C668-C668
Author(s):  
Hans Reuter ◽  
Fei Ye ◽  
Martin Reichelt ◽  
Sandra Schwidtke ◽  
Johanna Vages ◽  
...  

Triphenyltin(IV) halides, Ph3SnHal with Hal = Cl, Br, and I, are white, low melting solids soluble in many indifferent organic solvents like chloroform or toluene. In these solutions as well as in solid they consist of isolated, tetrahedral molecules which intermolecular interactions restricted to van-der Waals ones. These molecules are characterized through the three aromatic phenyl rings attached at a certain pitch angle around the shaft of the tin-halide bond giving them a propeller-like shape accompanied by molecular chirality as the normal vectors of the blades can be oriented clock-wise or anti-clock-wise with respect to the tin-halide bond. In the past, a lot of different polymorphs of triphenyltin(IV) halides with up to 24 molecules in the unit cell have been described, all crystallizing in centrosymmetric space groups, implying that both chiral molecules are present. From a structural point of view there are still several questions of general interest: (i) how are both enantiomers distributed in these polymorphs, (ii) how are the molecular dipole moments arranged, and (iii) how are the different polymorphs related to each other. During various studies on the syntheses and reactivity of triphenyltin(IV) halides we found four additional polymorphs, which constitute new structure types in case of δ-Ph3SnI (Z = 8, monoclinic, P21/c), and ε-Ph3SnI (Z = 12, monoclinic, P21/c) or complete the already existing α-Ph3SnCl structure type (Z = 24, rhomboedric, R-3) in case of β-Ph3SnBr and ζ-Ph3SnI. Analysing the new and already known polymorphs with respect to the three questions mentioned above points out (i) the influence of crystal symmetry elements (screw axes and glide planes) as well as (ii) the importance of the formation of supramolecular dimers composed of both enantiomers with an antiparallel orientation of the two molecular dipole moments, on the different structure types formed and their relation among each other.


1. That adjoint differential equations have an analogue in the theory of linear difference equations seems to have been first observed by Bortolotti. The relation is essentially that of a matrix ǁ a rs ǁ to its transposed matrix ǁ a sr ǁ. It seems desirable, from this point of view, to carry out the transition from difference to differential equations, and thus prove that the analogy is a real one. This is done in Art. 2. There are further consequences of general interest. A set of linear equations corresponds to a differential equation and its boundary conditions, and thus we can find an interpretation of the adjoint boundary conditions introduced by Birkhoff into the theory of linear differential equations (Arts. 3-6). The relation between the two Green’s functions, implicit in Birkhoff’s work, then becomes evident (Art. 7). 2. We first prove that if the equations a r 1 y 1 + a r 2 y 2 + ... + a rn y n = fr ( r = 1 to n ) (1) are so constituted that they merge into the differential equation L ( y ) Ξ a m d m y / dx m . . . + a 1 dy / dx + a o y = f (2) by passing to an infinite number of infinitesimally spaced unknowns, the transposed equations a 1 r z 1 + a 2 r z 2 + ... + a nr z n = g r (3) merge into the adjoint equation M ( z ) Ξ (—) m d m / dx m ( a m z ) + ... - d / dx ( a 1 z ) + a o z = g .(4)


Author(s):  
Rashid MOHAMED VÁZQUEZ

LABURPENA: Administrazio Publikoen zerbitzura lan egiten duten enplegatuen prestakuntza ikuspuntu juridikotik aztertu daiteke —langilearen eskubidea eta betebeharra den aldetik—, bai eta erakunde-ikuspegitik ere —erakundeko helburuen arabera prestakuntza ezartzeko modurik onena zehazteko ikuspegian oinarrituta—. Ikuspegi juridikoan, zehazki, prestakuntza jasotzeko betebeharra urratzeak dakartzan ondorioak aztertuko ditugu. Halaber, berariaz ikertuko dugu prestakuntzaren eta berdintasunerako eskubidearen arteko harremana, bai eta administrazioak interes orokorra lortzeko duen betebeharrarekiko lotura ere. Azken alderdi horrek, hain zuzen ere, erakunde-ikuspegiarekin egingo du bat. Horren barruan aztertuko ditugu, besteak beste, planifikazio estrategikoa aldez aurretik egiteko beharrizana, eta prestakuntza, ezagutza teknikoak eskuratzera ez ezik, beste era bateko eskumenak garatzera bideratzeko beharrizana; hori guztia, interes orokorra lortzen dela bermatzeko. RESUMEN: La formación de los empleados al servicio de las Administraciones Públicas puede analizarse desde un punto de vista jurídico —como derecho y deber del empleado— y desde una perspectiva organizacional —óptica basada en determinar el mejor modo de configurar la formación con arreglo a los objetivos de la organización—. Respecto a la perspectiva jurídica, estudiaremos las consecuencias del incumplimiento del deber de formarse, analizando igualmente la relación existente entre la formación y el derecho a la igualdad, así como su conexión con el deber administrativo de perseguir el interés general. Esto último enlazará con el punto de vista organizacional donde recogeremos, entre otros extremos, la necesidad de realizar una planificación estratégica de forma anticipada y de orientar la formación no solo a la adquisición de conocimientos de tipo técnico sino también al desarrollo de competencias de otra índole; todo ello como garantía para el logro del propio interés general. ABSTRACT: The training of Public Administration employees can be analyzed from a legal point of view —as a right and duty for the employee— or from an organizational perspective —from an optic based in determining the best way to configure the training in accordance with the objectives of the organization—. With regard to the legal perspective, we will study the consequences of infringement of the duty of training, also examining the relationship between training and right to equality, together with its connection to the administrative duty to pursue the general interest. This latter will link with the organizational point of view where we will reveal, amongst other things, the need for establishing an anticipated strategic planning and for targeting the training not only to to acquire technical knowledge but also to develop competences of a different type; all as a guarantee for achieving the general interest.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Klimiuk

The article contains an analysis of the scientific achievements and views of the economist Stanisław Głąbiński, associated with Lviv. Polish economic thought in the interwar period developed in two opposite directions: theoretical and historical. The first of them dominated in the Krakow, Poznań and Warsaw centers, while the second was represented by economists associated with the Lviv and Warsaw centers. Głąbiński was the leading representative of the historical course at the University of Lviv. His economic views as well as political, social and economic activities deserve attention. Głąbiński’s socio-economic concepts were a reflection of his political views. His most important works from the period of the Second Polish Republic, ie two volumes of National Economics (Theory of National Economics – 1927 and National Economic Policy – 1928) and History of Economics – 1939 (volumes 1 and 2) are the best proof of this. Głąbiński has always tried to look at the essence of economic phenomena from the national point of view. Throughout his scientific activity he also proclaimed the creation of a new school in the science of economics – a national school whose theoretical basis would be the nation and the national idea. He left the individualism of the liberal school and examined the economic reality through the prism of national interest. He claimed that an abstract analysis of a personal interest that omits the national interest is only a hypothesis that does not explain the economic reality. Therefore, he proposed to supplement abstract research with research on the whole socio-economic reality: historical analyzes and comparison of the personal interest of economic entities with the general interest.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-322
Author(s):  
Barbara Surdykowska ◽  

The paper refers to the concept of public interest contained in Art. 9 of the Rome I Regulation. The author argues that in the light of the processes taking place on the labor market (such as the digitization of the labor market and employment via platforms) and problems with defining the scope of the directive on posted workers in the context of drivers of international transport, courts may treat national regulations in the field of labor law as overriding mandatory provisions. The main goal of the paper is to draw attention to the need to increase the interest in the doctrine of labor law in the sphere of the potential application of Art. 9 Rome I. With regard to employment issues, a question arises regarding the minimum wage applicable in a given country in conjunction with the issue of the freedom to provide services. The European Court of Justice referred to the issue of ensuring fair remuneration of employees as an important element of the “overriding general interest” justifying the restriction of the freedom to provide services. In the deliberations in the Mazzoleni judgment, the ECJ also emphasized that the application of the minimum wage of the country in which the service is performed may be a disproportionate burden, especially in a situation where the enterprise providing the services is located in the border territory and the work performed in the host country is temporary, short and part-time. An interesting issue is the “translation” of the considerations contained in the aforementioned judgment into the emerging employment through internet platforms. Some background for the above considerations is the fact that in the literature of private international law, among the overriding mandatory provisions, the most frequently indicated are anti-monopoly provisions, in the field of foreign exchange law, regarding the prohibition of import or export of certain goods, but this is also important from the point of view of the paper, more and more often regulations based on a private-law method of regulation. The paper also includes considerations regarding the concept of “public interest”.


1948 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Stig Jägerskiöld

During the past few years Swedish Courts have repeatedly dealt with cases involving problems of international law of great general interest. Several of these cases have concerned problems of the immunity of ships owned by foreign Governments. Each case has presented characteristic peculiarities and difficulties of its own and as a result various legal aspects of the problem have been thoroughly examined by the courts. Apart from these purely legal difficulties the cases have usually been of a politically delicate character. There has thus existed the risk that foreign Governments would attempt to bring pressure to bear on the Swedish courts whose independence and objectivity have, therefore, frequently been severely tested. This circumstance renders an examination of Swedish judicial practice during the past few years particularly interesting. Owing to the importance of the problems dealt with from the point of view of international law and of the light they shed on the administration of justice in Sweden during a difficult period, a brief summary and analysis of the principal cases may be of some interest to the American public.


1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Thornes

An attempt is made to classify the impact of weather and climate upon air, rail, road and water transport by considering for each: climatic design and required levels of maintenance; weather sensitivity and thresholds; weather forecasting and new technology. This analysis is conducted for both the vehicles of transport and the travel surfaces and nodes. It is clear that much more research and training is required before transport managers and users fully understand the atmospheric impact on transport both from a hazard and from a resource point of view. Similarly meteorologists and climatologists need to understand more fully the problems faced by transport managers and users. The recent establishment of the National Road Ice Prediction Network by the Department of Transport is suggested as a useful model for other transport sectors such as rail and airport authorities to emulate.


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