How Do We Assess Civic Attitudes Toward Equal Rights? Data and Methodology

This chapter traces the changes in federal and state protective policies from the New Deal through the 1950s. In contrast to the setbacks of the 1920s, the New Deal revived the prospects of protective laws and of their proponents. The victory of the minimum wage for women workers in federal court in 1937 and the passage in 1938 of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which extended labor standards to men, represented a peak of protectionist achievement. This achievement rested firmly on the precedent of single-sex labor laws for which social feminists—led by the NCL—had long campaigned. However, “equal rights” gained momentum in the postwar years, 1945–60. By the start of the 1960s, single-sex protective laws had resumed their role as a focus of contention in the women's movement.

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Different versus Equal: The 1920s

10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy Woloch

Keyword(s):

Women Workers ◽

Minimum Wage ◽

Women's Movement ◽

Equal Rights Amendment ◽

Equal Rights ◽

State Laws ◽

Single Sex ◽

The Social ◽

National Woman's Party ◽

Women's Politics

This chapter revisits Adkins and considers the feud over protective laws that arose in the women's movement in the 1920s. The clash between friends and foes of the Equal Rights Amendment—and over the protective laws for women workers that it would surely invalidate—fueled women's politics in the 1920s. Both sides claimed precedent-setting accomplishments. In 1923, the National Woman's Party proposed the historic ERA, which incurred conflict that lasted for decades. The social feminist contingent—larger and more powerful—gained favor briefly among congressional lawmakers, expanded the number and strength of state laws, saw the minimum wage gain a foothold, and promoted protection through the federal Women's Bureau. Neither faction, however, achieved the advances it sought. Instead, a fight between factions underscored competing contentions about single-sex protective laws and their effect on women workers.

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Feminist Perspective in Shashi Deshpande's “That Long Silence”

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v6i1.3579 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Mohammad Ahashan ◽

Dr. Sapna Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Gender Equity ◽

Social Life ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

Feminist Movement ◽

Human Beings ◽

Simone De Beauvoir ◽

Equal Rights ◽

And Gender ◽

Set Up ◽

Key Aspects

Man has always tried to determine and tamper the image of woman and especially her identity is manipulated and orchestrated. Whenever a woman is spoken of, it is always in the relation to man; she is presented as a wife , mother, daughter and even as a lover but never as a woman a human being- a separate entity. Her entire life is idealized and her fundamental rights and especially her behaviour is engineered by the adherents of patriarchal society. Commenting on the Man-woman relationship in a marital bond Simone de Beauvoir wrote in her epoch-making book entitled The Second Sex(1949): "It has been said that marriage diminishes man, which is often true , but almost always it annihilates women". Feminist movement advocates the equal rights and equal opportunities for women. The true spirit of feminism is into look at women and men as human beings. There should not be gender bias or discrimination in familial and social life. To secure gender justice and gender equity is the key aspects of feminist movement. In India, women writers have come forward to voice their feminist approach to life and the patriarchal family set up. They believe that the very notion of gender is not only biotic and biologic episode but it has a social construction.

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The Reflection of Apartheidic Trauma / Traumatic Apartheid in None to Accompany Me by Nadine Gordimer

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ◽

10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p328-328 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 328

Author(s):

Şahin KIZILTAŞ

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Black People ◽

Native People ◽

Nadine Gordimer ◽

Equal Rights ◽

White People ◽

Post Colonial ◽

Violence Victimization ◽

White Settlers ◽

Almost All

The world has gone through a trauma for centuries. Almost all nations have experienced all sorts of traumatic events and feelings in this period. Among those nations, the black seem to be the most unlucky and ill-fated suffered from traumatic disasters. However, among those black nations, the natives of South Africa have been the most piteous and wretched ones. Their misfortune began in 1652 with the arrival of white colonists in the country. Since then, the oppression and persecution of white European colonists and settlers on natives increasingly continued. Those native people were displaced from the lands inherited from their ancestors a few centuries ago. They were not allowed to have equal rights with white people and to share same environment in public premises. The natives have put up resistance against the racial and colonial practices of white settlers which excluded them from all living spaces; yet, they could not manage, even they came into power in 1994. Today their exclusion and violence victimization still go on and they are still subjected to inferior treatment by (post)colonial dominant white powers. As a white intellectual and writer who had European origins, Nadine Gordimer witnessed the repression and torturing of European settlers on native people in South Africa. In her novels, she has reflected the racial discrimination practiced by white people who have considered of themselves in a superior position compared to the black. This study aims to focus on how Gordimer has reflected the trauma which the black people of South Africa have experienced as a consequence of racist practices. This will contribute to clarify and get across the real and true-life traumatic narratives of native people in the colonized countries.

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About the possibility of women work in train driver and train driver assistant profession

Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology ◽

10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-11-778-781 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (11) ◽

pp. 778-781

Author(s):

Anna A. Zakrevskaya ◽

Ekaterina V. Dmitrieva

Keyword(s):

Professional Growth ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychological Climate ◽

Rolling Stock ◽

Equal Rights ◽

Mixed Composition ◽

Labor Legislation ◽

Railway Industry ◽

Train Driver ◽

Electric Train

Introduction. The article presents the results of a survey of employees of the railway industry and volunteers of various professions on their attitude to the possibility of employment of women as a locomotive driver and assistant driver. The aim of study is to determine the socio-psychological aspects of allowing women to work as a driver and assistant driver of an electric train among employees of various professions, including in the railway industry. Materials and methods. Anonymous online survey conducted among 112 people: 60 women aged 29.9±7.9 years (from 19 to 55 years), and 52 men aged 29.6±8.4 years (from 15 to 53 years). Results. There is an ambiguous attitude to the prospects of allowing women to work as a driver and assistant driver of an electric train. The most urgent problems of an organizational nature that accompany changes in labor legislation are noted: the abolition of allowances "for harm", the increase in the retirement age, inconveniences in holiday homes that are currently designed exclusively for men. There are also positive prospects for these changes: the possibility of healthy professional competition and the emergence of new areas of professional growth for women, as well as increasing the prestige of OAS "Russian Railways" by creating an image of a company that provides candidates with equal rights regardless of gender. Conclusions. The appearance (although it would be more accurate to say "return") of women to work as drivers and assistant drivers is not a forced measure, as it was in wartime, but the result of the modernization of rolling stock and railway infrastructure, bringing to the fore the assessment of professionally important operator qualities, regardless of the gender of candidates. However, gender characteristics cannot be ignored in the socio-psychological context - for example, when recruiting locomotive crews with mixed composition or when creating a favorable psychological climate in a locomotive depot.

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Mechanisms of COVID-19 Mental Health Burden

10.31234/osf.io/cswde ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Bulbulia ◽

Sofia Piven ◽

Fiona Barlow ◽

Don E. Davis ◽

Lara Greaves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Health Satisfaction ◽

Civic Attitudes ◽

Social Belonging ◽

Pervasive Health ◽

The Government ◽

Health Burdens ◽

Political Economic

New Zealand's COVID-19 lockdown in March and April 2020 was among the world's most stringent. Similar to other countries, New Zealand's lockdown occurred amidst pervasive health and economic uncertainties. However, New Zealanders experienced comparatively less psychological distress. To test theories of pandemic distress mitigation, we use national longitudinal responses with pre-COVID-19 baselines and systematically quantify psychological distress trajectories within the same individuals during the lockdown (pre-COVID-19 = 2018/2019; stringent-lockdown = March/April 2020; N = 940). Most distress indicators were minimally elevated. However, there was a three-fold increase in feelings of worthlessness. Neither satisfaction with the government, nor business-satisfaction, nor a sense of neighbourhood community were effective distress defences. Perceived social-belonging and health-satisfaction mitigated feelings of worthlessness. A silver lining was a relief from feelings of effort, which social-belonging fostered. That social-belonging and health satisfaction could quell serious distress among those low in government confidence, low in business satisfaction, and low neighbourhood community proves that distress mitigation is possible without shifting a population's general political, economic, and civic attitudes. Protection of income and containment of infectious disease threat reduces mental health burdens. Though feelings of worthlessness surge during lockdown, such feelings attenuate from interpersonal belonging with people one already knows.

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