Trade Agreements with Latin American Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Arlo Poletti ◽  
Daniela Sicurelli
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Latin American Countries

Impact of the Patent Cooperation Treaty in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-822
Author(s):  
Juan I Correa ◽  
Carlos M Correa
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Cooperation Treaty ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract This study shows that the main beneficiaries of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in three Latin American countries, which adhered to it as a result of the obligations provided for in free trade agreements, have been non-residents rather than local companies and individual inventors. This rebuts the frequently made argument that acceding to the PCT would generate incentives for local innovation and benefit local inventors by boosting their capacity to protect their developments in third countries. In the three countries considered in this study, the number of patents granted increased after accession to the treaty. This points to the risk of an erosion of the countries’ flexibilities in designing and implementing patent policies, as allowed by the TRIPS Agreement, with respect to the standards applied to assess eligibility for patent protection.

Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share? Evidence from Latin American Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín González Rozada ◽  
Hernán Ruffo
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Donor Pool ◽  
Labor Share ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Latin American Countries

In this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in Latin American countries. We use trade agreements with large economies (the United States, the European Union, and China) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. In the last two decades, labor share has displayed a negative trend among those countries that signed trade agreements, while in other countries labor share increased, widening the gap by 7 percentage points. We apply synthetic control methods to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. While effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of GDP four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. This result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. We also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry in GDP increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant. A decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages.

scholarly journals Free trade agreements and their impact on latin american migrations: An approach

2008 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ernesto Buitrago R.
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Latin American Countries

This paper aims to review the causes of international migration and the potential impact of FTAs (Free TradeAgreements) on latin american migrations. The first part describes the economic and non-economic causes for migration. The second one shows the potential impact of FTAs in the economy (job creation/destruction by sectors) in CAFTA countries and Colombia.The last part shows that there is little correlation between the commercial openness (FTAs) and the reduction of poverty. Poverty seems to be increasing in the studied countries –even more in those with the most open commercial regimens, than in those with the most closed ones. Data proves that openness doesn’t reduce the poverty automatically; on the contrary, in some (regional or subregional) cases it increases and causes a major determinant of international migration in latin american countries.

scholarly journals Economic Ideas and North-South Preferential Trade Agreements in the Americas

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Nicolás Pose
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Gain Access

North-South Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are an intensified version of the Uruguay round’s bargain, in which developing countries gain access to developed countries’ markets, expecting increase in inflows of foreign direct investment, but see their ‘policy space’ reduced (Shadlen, 2005). Focusing on United States’ PTAs in the Latin American region, this article seeks to answer why some Latin American countries found this bargain attractive while others did not. I argue that modern PTAs generate uncertainty over their costs and benefits, because there are not standardized tools to estimate the impact of the ‘trade-related’ provisions they include. As a result, policymakers turn to their general ideas about economic development, which assign different meanings to them, producing differing decisions. Empirically, it is shown that the argument complements previous explanations based on structural and societal variables.

scholarly journals The FTAA as a Three-level Bargaining Game

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (133) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANIL HIRA
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Dynamic Shape

This paper applies Putnam’s (1993) seminal work on negotiations as a two level game, to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) negotiations process. The paper compares the domestic ratification processes with the existing web of regional and bilateral trade agreements for insights into the relative bargaining strength and key issues for the most important economies in the hemisphere: the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Mexico. This paper delivers important insights into how the existing international and domestic legal and political context will affect the dynamic shape of FTAA negotiations, with the aim of finding strategies by which Latin American countries (LACs) can maximize their bargaining power.

The Treatment of Cultural Services in Latin American Countries’ Trade Agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 804-834
Author(s):  
Gilbert Gagné ◽  
Delphine Ducasse
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Cultural Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cultural Policies ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Music Recordings ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Cultural products (including goods and services) encompass visual, performing and literary arts as well as newspapers, magazines, books, movies, video and music recordings, radio and television, and now multimedia. To the extent that they are associated with the cultural identity of various States, their treatment in international trade has been debated as to whether, or the extent to which, they should be exempted from trade regulations. The proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has further complexified this debate. The article summarizes the provisions relating to cultural services in Latin American PTAs and discusses the scope of these provisions, notably in light of the cultural policy measures involved and States’ ability to conduct cultural policies. The focus is on Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru as these are the leading countries in the negotiation of PTAs in Latin America as regards the number of agreements and the scope of cultural provisions.

China’s trade policy towards Latin America: an analysis of free trade agreements policy

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorotea Lopez ◽  
Felipe Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin American Countries

PurposeThe emergence of China in the international trading system has shifted its gravity center, as the country has become one of the mayor actors in international economic relations. Through the subscription of preferential agreements, China is building a network of strategic partnerships worldwide, including Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to answer the questions: Do free trade agreements (FTAs) between China and Latin American countries contribute to expand trade flows and enhance products diversification?Design/methodology/approachThree countries have an FTA with China, Chile (2005), Peru (2009) and Costa Rica (2010). Through an econometric estimation based on a gravity model, the authors expect to determine the impact of these agreements over both trade flows and products.FindingsThe study shows that FTAs have a positive impact on both bilateral trade flows and on the number of exchanged products. Nevertheless, this impact is positive but diminishes in time. The authors confirm that these agreements allowed for a substantive expansion of trade between Latin American economies and China, becoming relevant for policymakers regarding the bi-regional relation.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the understanding of the bilateral trade relations between China and Latin American countries, giving evidence of the magnitude of the impact of FTAs. Through new data, at a six-digit level of detail, this study improves current knowledge regarding bilateral economic relations.

Test Use in Spain, Portugal and Latin American Countries

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
Testing Practices ◽  
Professional Psychologists ◽  
Test Use ◽  
Latin American Countries

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.

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