Local electrical stimulation of single myocytes using three-dimensional electrode arrays with small interelectrode distances

2009 ◽  
pp. 212-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Braeken ◽  
R. Huys ◽  
D. Jans ◽  
Josine Loo ◽  
D. R. Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Cervical Epidural Electrical Stimulation Restores Voluntary Arm Control In Paralyzed Monkeys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Capogrosso ◽  
Beatrice Barra ◽  
Sara Conti ◽  
Matthew Perich ◽  
Katie Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory Afferents ◽  
Reach And Grasp ◽  
Cervical Spinal Injury ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Regaining arm motor control is critical for people with paralysis. Despite promising results on grasping, no technology could restore effective arm control. Here, we show that electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord enabled three monkeys with cervical spinal injury to execute functional arm movements. We designed an epidural interface that engaged surviving spinal circuits via the recruitment of large sensory afferents to produce movement. Simple stimulation bursts produced sustained joint movements which, triggered by movement-related intracortical signals, enabled monkeys with arm paralysis to perform an unconstrained, three-dimensional reach and grasp task. This restoration of voluntary motor control was enabled by the synergistic integration of spared descending commands and electrical stimulation within the spinal cord. The simplicity of this technology promises realistic clinical translation.

scholarly journals Electrical Stimulation Of The Cervical Dorsal Roots Enables Functional Arm And Hand Movements In Monkeys With Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Barra ◽  
S. Conti ◽  
M.G. Perich ◽  
K. Zhuang ◽  
G. Schiavone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARYRegaining arm motor control is a high priority for people with cervical spinal cord injury1. Unfortunately, no therapy can reverse upper limb paralysis. Promising neurotechnologies stimulating muscles to bypass the injury enabled grasping in humans with SCI2,3 but failed to sustain whole arm functional movements that are necessary for daily living activities. Here, we show that electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord enabled three monkeys with cervical SCI to execute functional, three-dimensional, arm movements. We designed a lateralized epidural interface that targeted motoneurons through the recruitment of sensory afferents within the dorsal roots and was adapted to the specific anatomy of each monkey. Simple stimulation bursts engaging single roots produced selective joint movements. We then triggered these bursts using movement-related intracortical signals, which enabled monkeys with arm motor deficits to perform an unconstrained, three-dimensional reach and grasp task. Our technology increased muscle activity, forces, task performance and quality of arm movements. Finally, analysis of intra-cortical neural data showed that a synergistic interaction between spared descending pathways and electrical stimulation enabled this restoration of voluntary motor control. Spinal cord stimulation is a mature clinical technology4–7, which suggests a realistic path for our approach to clinical applications.

scholarly journals Binocular 3D otolith-ocular reflexes: responses of chinchillas to prosthetic electrical stimulation targeting the utricle and saccule

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin N. Hageman ◽  
Margaret R. Chow ◽  
Dale Roberts ◽  
Peter J. Boutros ◽  
Angela Tooker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Bipolar Electrode ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Postural Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

From animal experiments by Cohen and Suzuki et al. in the 1960s to the first-in-human clinical trials now in progress, prosthetic electrical stimulation targeting semicircular canal branches of the vestibular nerve has proven effective at driving directionally appropriate vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements, postural responses, and perception. That work was considerably facilitated by the fact that all hair cells and primary afferent neurons in each canal have the same directional sensitivity to head rotation, the three canals’ ampullary nerves are geometrically distinct from one another, and electrically evoked three-dimensional (3D) canal-ocular reflex responses approximate a simple vector sum of linearly independent components representing relative excitation of each of the three canals. In contrast, selective prosthetic stimulation of the utricle and saccule has been difficult to achieve, because hair cells and afferents with many different directional sensitivities are densely packed in those endorgans and the relationship between 3D otolith-ocular reflex responses and the natural and/or prosthetic stimuli that elicit them is more complex. As a result, controversy exists regarding whether selective, controllable stimulation of electrically evoked otolith-ocular reflexes (eeOOR) is possible. Using micromachined, planar arrays of electrodes implanted in the labyrinth, we quantified 3D, binocular eeOOR responses to prosthetic electrical stimulation targeting the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals of alert chinchillas. Stimuli delivered via near-bipolar electrode pairs near the maculae elicited sustained ocular countertilt responses that grew reliably with pulse rate and pulse amplitude, varied in direction according to which stimulating electrode was employed, and exhibited temporal dynamics consistent with responses expected for isolated macular stimulation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY As the second in a pair of papers on Binocular 3D Otolith-Ocular Reflexes, this paper describes new planar electrode arrays and vestibular prosthesis architecture designed to target the three semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule. With this technological advancement, electrically evoked otolith-ocular reflexes due to stimulation via utricle- and saccule-targeted electrodes were recorded in chinchillas. Results demonstrate advances toward achieving selective stimulation of the utricle and saccule.

Subretinal electrical stimulation of the rabbit retina with acutely implanted electrode arrays

2004 ◽  
Vol 242 (7) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Gekeler ◽  
Karin Kobuch ◽  
Hartmut Normann Schwahn ◽  
Alfred Stett ◽  
Kei Shinoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Stimulation Of

Tissue reactions to long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jann Brown ◽  
Thomas L. Babb ◽  
Henry V. Soper ◽  
Jeffrey P. Lieb ◽  
Carlos A. Ottino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Human Cerebellum ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Tissue Reactions ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Light and electron microscopic analyses were carried out on the stimulated and unstimulated paravermal cortices of six rhesus monkeys that had electrodes implanted on their cerebella for 2 months. The electrodes and the stimulation regime (10 p.p.s.: 8 min on, 8 min off) were similar to those used to stimulate the human cerebellum for treatment of certain neurological disorders. Mere presence of the electrode array in the posterior fossa for 2 months resulted in some meningeal thickening, attenuation of the molecular layer, and loss of Purkinje cells immediately beneath the electrode array. There was no evidence of scarring. After 205 hours of stimulation (7.38 × 106 pulses) over 18 days, a charge of 0.5 µC/ph or estimated charge density of 7.4 µC/sq cm/ph resulted in no damage to the cerebellum attributable to electrical stimulation per se. Such a charge/phase is about five times the threshold for evocation of cerebellar efferent activity, and might be considered “safe” for stimulation of human cerebellum. Charge density/phase and charge/phase were directly related to increased cerebellar injury in the six other cerebellar cortices stimulated. Leptomeningeal thickening increased with increased charge density. Injury included severe molecular layer attenuation, ongoing destruction of Purkinje cells, gliosis, ongoing degeneration of myelinated axons, collagen intrusion, and increased levels of local polysaccharides. In all cases, even with damage that destroyed all conducting elements beneath the electrodes, there was no damage further than 1 to 2 mm from the edges of the electrode arrays.

Electrical Stimulation of Mammalian Retinal Ganglion Cells With Multielectrode Arrays

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 3311-3327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Sekirnjak ◽  
Pawel Hottowy ◽  
Alexander Sher ◽  
Wladyslaw Dabrowski ◽  
A. M. Litke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Multielectrode Arrays ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Charge Densities ◽  
Disk Electrodes ◽  
Low Charge ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Stimulation Of

Existing epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate large groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of electrodes with diameters of several hundred micrometers. To increase the spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller than those currently in use are desirable. In this study, we stimulated and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig, and monkey retina. We used microfabricated hexagonal arrays of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 μm, spaced 60 μm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses, implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities were typically <0.1 mC/cm2 for a pulse duration of 100 μs, corresponding to charge thresholds of <100 pC. Stimulation remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To show that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent ganglion cell responses, we used the multielectrode array to stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these data, we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina with small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide high temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. We review previous epiretinal stimulation studies and discuss our results in the context of 32 other publications, comparing threshold parameters and safety limits.

Some Considerations of Multichannel Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve in the Profoundly Deaf; Interfacing Electrode Arrays with the Auditory Nerve Array

1979 ◽  
Vol 87 (3-6) ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Merzenich ◽  
Mark White ◽  
Michael C. Vivion ◽  
Patricia A. Leake-jones ◽  
Shiela Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Discriminability of multiple cutaneous and proprioceptive hand percepts evoked by intraneural stimulation with Utah slanted electrode arrays in human amputees

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Page ◽  
Jacob A. George ◽  
Suzanne M. Wendelken ◽  
Tyler S. Davis ◽  
David T. Kluger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Stimulation Frequency ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Afferent Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract Background Electrical stimulation of residual afferent nerve fibers can evoke sensations from a missing limb after amputation, and bionic arms endowed with artificial sensory feedback have been shown to confer functional and psychological benefits. Here we explore the extent to which artificial sensations can be discriminated based on location, quality, and intensity. Methods We implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays (USEAs) in the arm nerves of three transradial amputees and delivered electrical stimulation via different electrodes and frequencies to produce sensations on the missing hand with various locations, qualities, and intensities. Participants performed blind discrimination trials to discriminate among these artificial sensations. Results Participants successfully discriminated cutaneous and proprioceptive sensations ranging in location, quality and intensity. Performance was significantly greater than chance for all discrimination tasks, including discrimination among up to ten different cutaneous location-intensity combinations (15/30 successes, p < 0.0001) and seven different proprioceptive location-intensity combinations (21/40 successes, p < 0.0001). Variations in the site of stimulation within the nerve, via electrode selection, enabled discrimination among up to five locations and qualities (35/35 successes, p < 0.0001). Variations in the stimulation frequency enabled discrimination among four different intensities at the same location (13/20 successes, p < 0.0005). One participant also discriminated among individual stimulation of two different USEA electrodes, simultaneous stimulation on both electrodes, and interleaved stimulation on both electrodes (20/24 successes, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Electrode location, stimulation frequency, and stimulation pattern can be modulated to evoke functionally discriminable sensations with a range of locations, qualities, and intensities. This rich source of artificial sensory feedback may enhance functional performance and embodiment of bionic arms endowed with a sense of touch.

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