Effects of Stress and Defence Allocation on Tree Growth: Simulation Results at the Individual and Stand Level

2012 ◽  
pp. 401-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Rötzer ◽  
T. Seifert ◽  
S. Gayler ◽  
E. Priesack ◽  
H. Pretzsch
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Simulation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
The Individual

On the Utility of Crystal Plasticity Modeling to Uncover the Individual Roles of Microdeformation Mechanisms on the Work Hardening Response of Fe-23Mn-0.5C TWIP Steel in the Presence of Hydrogen

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bal ◽  
M. Koyama ◽  
D. Canadinc ◽  
G. Gerstein ◽  
H. J. Maier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Twip Steel ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Deformation Response ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Twip Steels ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Experimental Findings

This paper presents a combined experimental and theoretical analysis focusing on the individual roles of microdeformation mechanisms that are simultaneously active during the deformation of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels in the presence of hydrogen. Deformation responses of hydrogen-free and hydrogen-charged TWIP steels were examined with the aid of thorough electron microscopy. Specifically, hydrogen charging promoted twinning over slip–twin interactions and reduced ductility. Based on the experimental findings, a mechanism-based microscale fracture model was proposed, and incorporated into a visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model to account for the stress–strain response in the presence of hydrogen. In addition, slip-twin and slip–grain boundary interactions in TWIP steels were also incorporated into VPSC, in order to capture the deformation response of the material in the presence of hydrogen. The simulation results not only verify the success of the proposed hydrogen embrittlement (HE) mechanism for TWIP steels, but also open a venue for the utility of these superior materials in the presence of hydrogen.

Expressions for the effective diffusivity in materials with interphase boundaries

2004 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina V. Belova ◽  
Graeme E. Murch
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Material ◽  
Effective Diffusivity ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Interphase Boundaries ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Grains ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractWe address the problem of calculating the long-time-limit effective diffusivity in stable two- phase polycrystalline material. A phenomenological model is used where the high diffusivity interphase boundaries are treated as connected “coatings” of the individual grains. Derivation of expressions for the effective diffusivity with segregation is made along Maxwell lines. Monte Carlo simulation using lattice-based random walks is used to test the validity of the expressions. It is shown that for the case analysed the derived expressions for the effective diffusivity are in very good agreement with simulation results. The equivalent of the Hart equation is also derived. It is shown to be in poor agreement with simulation results.

scholarly journals Study on droplet nucleation position and jumping on structured hydrophobic surface using the lattice Boltzmann method

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
Gaojie Liang ◽  
Lijun Liu ◽  
Haiqian Zhao ◽  
Cong Li ◽  
Nandi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Boltzmann Method ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Lattice Boltzmann ◽  
Hydrophobic Surface ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Nucleation Mode ◽  
Droplet Nucleation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Boltzmann Method

In this study, droplet nucleation and jumping on the conical microstructure surface is simulated using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The nucleation and jumping laws of the droplet on the surface are summarized. The numerical results suggest that the height and the gap of the conical microstructure exhibit a significant influence on the nucleation position of the droplet. When the ratio of height to the gap of the microstructure(H/D) is small, the droplet tends to nucleate at the bottom of the structure. Otherwise, the droplet tends to nucleate towards the side of the structure. The droplet grown in the side nucleation mode possesses better hydrophobicity than that of the droplet grown in the bottom nucleation mode and the droplet jumping becomes easier. Apart from the coalescence of the droplets jumping out of the surface, jumping of individual droplets may also occur under certain conditions. The ratio of the clearance to the width of the conical microstructure(D/F) depends on the jumping mode of the droplet. The simulation results indicate that when the D/F ratio is greater than 1.2, the coalescence jump of droplets is likely to occur. On the contrary, the individual jump of droplets is easy to occur.

scholarly journals Multicell Power Supplies for Improved Energy Efficiency in the Information and Communications Technology Infrastructures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chrysostomou ◽  
Nicholas Christofides ◽  
Stelios Ioannou ◽  
Alexis Polycarpou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Power Supplies ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Full Power ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theoretical Results

The rapid growth of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector requires additional infrastructure, such as more micro-datacenters and telecom stations, to support the higher internet speeds and low latency requirements of 5G net-works. The increased power requirements of the new ICT technologies necessitate the proposal of new power supplies in an attempt to retain the increase in energy demand and running costs. This work provides an in-depth theoretical analysis on the losses of the individual stages of commercially available PSU and proposes a new multicell PSU, Buck-PFC converter, which offers a higher overall efficiency at varying load levels. The theoretical results are verified using simulation results, via PSIM Thermal Module, and using experimental data. The results indicate that multi-cell structures can improve the overall PSU ef-ficiency by 1.2% at 50% rated power and more than 2.1% at full power. Finally, taking into consideration the economic implica-tions of this study, it is shown that the proposed multicell structure may increase the PSU costs by 10.78% but the payback pe-riod is in the order of just 3.3 years.

scholarly journals Motoneuron output regulated by ionic channels: a modeling study of motoneuron frequency-current relationships during fictive locomotion

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1840-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Dai ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Brent Fedirchuk ◽  
Larry M. Jordan ◽  
Junhao Chu
Keyword(s):  
Input Resistance ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Fictive Locomotion ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ionic Basis ◽  
Frequency Current

Cat lumbar motoneurons display changes in membrane properties during fictive locomotion. These changes include reduction of input resistance and afterhyperpolarization, hyperpolarization of voltage threshold, and voltage-dependent excitation of the motoneurons. The state-dependent alteration of membrane properties leads to dramatic changes in frequency-current (F-I) relationship. The mechanism underlying these changes remains unknown. Using a motoneuron model combined with electrophysiological data, we investigated the channel mechanisms underlying the regulation of motoneuronal excitability and motor output. Simulation results showed that upregulation of transient sodium, persistent sodium, or Cav1.3 calcium conductances or downregulation of calcium-activated potassium or KCNQ/Kv7 potassium conductances could increase motoneuronal excitability and motor output through hyperpolarizing (left shifting) the F-I relationships or increasing the F-I slopes, whereas downregulation of input resistance or upregulation of potassium-mediated leak conductance produced the opposite effects. The excitatory phase of locomotor drive potentials (LDPs) also substantially hyperpolarized the F-I relationships and increased the F-I slopes, whereas the inhibitory phase of the LDPs had opposite effects to a similar extent. The simulation results also showed that none of the individual channel modulations could produce all the changes in the F-I relationships. The effects of modulation of Cav1.3 and KCNQ/Kv7 on F-I relationships were supported by slice experiments with the Cav1.3 agonist Bay K8644 and the KCNQ/Kv7 antagonist XE-991. The conclusion is that the varying changes in F-I relationships during fictive locomotion could be regulated by multichannel modulations. This study provides insight into the ionic basis for control of motor output in walking. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mammalian spinal motoneurons have their excitability adapted to facilitate recruitment and firing during locomotion. Cat lumbar motoneurons display dramatic changes in membrane properties during fictive locomotion. These changes lead to a varying alteration of frequency-current relationship. The mechanisms underlying the changes remain unknown. In particular, little is known about the ionic basis for regulation of motoneuronal excitability and thus control of the motor output for walking by the spinal motor system.

Tensile behavior of single crystalline GaN nanotube bundles: An atomistic-level study

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 1450135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Wang ◽  
G. Q. Yin ◽  
Liming Jing ◽  
Jianjian Shi ◽  
Zhijie Li
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Critical Stress ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Single Crystalline ◽  
Brittle To Ductile Transition ◽  
Nanotube Bundles ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Weber Potential

The tensile behavior of single crystalline GaN nanotube bundles was studied using classical molecular dynamics. Stillinger–Weber potential was used to describe the atom–atom interactions. The GaN bundles consisted of several individual GaN nanotubes with {100} side planes. The simulation results show that the nanotube bundles show a brittle to ductile transition (BDT) by changing the temperatures. The fracture of GaN nanotube bundles is ruled by a thermal activated process, higher temperature will lead to the decrease of the critical stress. At high temperatures the individual nanotube in the bundles interact with each other, which induces the increase of the critical stress of bundles.

Actual and projected growth and yields of Populus 'Tristis #1' under intensive culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Ek ◽  
David H. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growth Simulation ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Mean Annual Increment ◽  
Stand Characteristics ◽  
Branch Wood

Yields and related stand characteristics of Populus 'Tristis #1' cuttings based on 4 years of growth under intensive culture (fertilization and irrigation) at square spacings of 0.75, 1, and 2 ft (0.23, 0.30 and 0.61 m) in northern Wisconsin are reported. Stem and branch wood yields were 40 390, 45 132, and 27 567 lb/acre (45 272, 50 586, and 30 899 kg/ha) for these spacings, and current annual increment peaked at age 3 for the 0.75- and 1-ft spacings. Tree growth and competition information from these plots was then used to calibrate a stand growth simulation model to develop yield projections to the 10- to 25-year range for the above plus 4-, 8-, and 12.7-ft (1.22-, 2.44-, and 3.87-m) spacings. Mean annual increment in terms of stem and branch wood dry weight for the projections peaked at about 8–15 years for all six spacings with values in the range of 13 881 – 16 584 lb/acre (15 559 – 18 588 kg/ha), respectively. The maximum mean annual increment was obtained at age 15 with a 4-ft spacing. Results further indicate substantial product-oriented flexibility in the choice of spacings and rotation ages since curves of mean annual increment are both similar and relatively flat in the 10- to 20-year range, except for the two widest spacings. A discussion of stand model projection methodology, reliability, and limitations is presented along with suggestions for more refined projections.

Control of Multichaotic Systems Using the Extended OGY Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1550096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ensieh Nobakhti ◽  
Ali Khaki-Sedigh ◽  
Nastaran Vasegh
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Decentralized Control ◽  
Chaotic Maps ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Complex Dynamical Systems ◽  
Design Scheme ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Systems Simulation

This paper considers the problem of controlling coupled chaotic maps. Coupled chaotic maps or multichaotic subsystems are complex dynamical systems that consist of several chaotic sub-systems with interactions. The OGY methodology is extended to deal with the control of such systems. It is shown that the decentralized control design scheme in which the individual controllers share no information is not generally able to control multichaotic systems. Simulation results are used to support the main conclusions of the paper.

scholarly journals Vaccinations or Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions:Safe Reopening of Schools in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Cuesta-Lazaro ◽  
Arnau Quera-Bofarull ◽  
Joseph Aylett-Bullock ◽  
Bryan N. Lawrence ◽  
Kevin Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Age Group ◽  
School Based ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Present Simulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

With high levels of the Delta variant of COVID-19 circulating in England during September 2021, schools are set to reopen with few school-based non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In this paper, we present simulation results obtained from the individual-based model, JUNE, for school opening after a prior vaccination campaign using an optimistic set of assumptions about vaccine efficacy and the likelihood of prior-reinfection. We take a scenario-based approach to modelling potential interventions to assess relative changes rather than real-world forecasts. Specifically, we assess the effects of vaccinating those aged 16-17, those aged 12-17, and not vaccinating children at all relative to only vaccinating the adult population. Vaccinating children in the 12-15 age group would have had a significant impact on the course of the epidemic, saving thousands of lives overall in these simulations. In the absence of such a vaccination campaign our simulations show there could still be a significant positive impact on the epidemic (fewer cases, fewer deaths) by continuing NPI strategies in schools. Our analysis suggests that the best results are likely derived from a combination of vaccinations and NPIs.

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