The Alpidic Metallogenetic Epoch in Central Europe North of the Alps

1983 ◽  
pp. 313-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Walther
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
The Alps

scholarly journals A Climatology of Thunderstorms across Europe from a Synthesis of Multiple Data Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1813-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Taszarek ◽  
John Allen ◽  
Tomáš Púčik ◽  
Pieter Groenemeijer ◽  
Bartosz Czernecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Thunderstorm Activity ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Severe Thunderstorm ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
The Alps

Abstract The climatology of (severe) thunderstorm days is investigated on a pan-European scale for the period of 1979–2017. For this purpose, sounding measurements, surface observations, lightning data from ZEUS (a European-wide lightning detection system) and European Cooperation for Lightning Detection (EUCLID), ERA-Interim, and severe weather reports are compared and their respective strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The research focuses on the annual cycles in thunderstorm activity and their spatial variability. According to all datasets thunderstorms are the most frequent in the central Mediterranean, the Alps, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Carpathians. Proxies for severe thunderstorm environments show similar patterns, but severe weather reports instead have their highest frequency over central Europe. Annual peak thunderstorm activity is in July and August over northern, eastern, and central Europe, contrasting with peaks in May and June over western and southeastern Europe. The Mediterranean, driven by the warm waters, has predominant activity in the fall (western part) and winter (eastern part) while the nearby Iberian Peninsula and eastern Turkey have peaks in April and May. Trend analysis of the mean annual number of days with thunderstorms since 1979 indicates an increase over the Alps and central, southeastern, and eastern Europe with a decrease over the southwest. Multiannual changes refer also to changes in the pattern of the annual cycle. Comparison of different data sources revealed that although lightning data provide the most objective sampling of thunderstorm activity, short operating periods and areas devoid of sensors limit their utility. In contrast, reanalysis complements these disadvantages to provide a longer climatology, but is prone to errors related to modeling thunderstorm occurrence and the numerical simulation itself.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on Rubus sect. Corylifolii (Rosaceae) in Central Europe

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 388 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERGELY KIRÁLY
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Locus Classicus

During recent herbarium and field studies three names of Rubus sect. Corylifolii ser. Subcanescentes were re-assessed. Rubus macrostemonides was typified with a neotype specimen from Salzburg (Austria), and its identity with R. baruthicus was shown (the previous name has the priority). Its presence at the Austrian locus classicus was confirmed also recently, this locality represents the easternmost occurrence of the species. The name R. holosericeus was (mis)applied for a long time for a widespread taxon occurring southeast of the Alps that is not at all present in the original material. This name was lectotypified with a specimen from Styria (Austria) here as a hitherto overlooked regional species recently recorded in Austria, Hungary and Slovenia. The taxon that was formerly (mis)identified as R. holosericeus has proven to be identical to R. semitomentosus, which is lectotypified here with a specimen from Hungary. For both taxa clarified here is, beside a circumstantial assessment of the type material, an improved morphological characterization and circumscription of distribution and habitats presented.

scholarly journals A 5 km Resolution Regional Climate Simulation for Central Europe: Performance in High Mountain Areas and Seasonal, Regional and Elevation-Dependent Variations

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Warscher ◽  
Sven Wagner ◽  
Thomas Marke ◽  
Patrick Laux ◽  
Gerhard Smiatek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Regional Climate Simulation ◽  
The Alps

Mountain regions with complex orography are a particular challenge for regional climate simulations. High spatial resolution is required to account for the high spatial variability in meteorological conditions. This study presents a very high-resolution regional climate simulation (5 km) using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) for the central part of Europe including the Alps. Global boundaries are dynamically downscaled for the historical period 1980–2009 (ERA-Interim and MPI-ESM), and for the near future period 2020–2049 (MPI-ESM, scenario RCP4.5). Model results are compared to gridded observation datasets and to data from a dense meteorological station network in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany). Averaged for the Alps, the mean bias in temperature is about −0.3 °C, whereas precipitation is overestimated by +14% to +19%. R 2 values for hourly, daily and monthly temperature range between 0.71 and 0.99. Temporal precipitation dynamics are well reproduced at daily and monthly scales (R 2 between 0.36 and 0.85), but are not well captured at hourly scale. The spatial patterns, seasonal distributions, and elevation-dependencies of the climate change signals are investigated. Mean warming in Central Europe exhibits a temperature increase between 0.44 °C and 1.59 °C and is strongest in winter and spring. An elevation-dependent warming is found for different specific regions and seasons, but is absent in others. Annual precipitation changes between −4% and +25% in Central Europe. The change signals for humidity, wind speed, and incoming short-wave radiation are small, but they show distinct spatial and elevation-dependent patterns. On large-scale spatial and temporal averages, the presented 5 km RCM setup has in general similar biases as EURO-CORDEX simulations, but it shows very good model performance at the regional and local scale for daily meteorology, and, apart from wind-speed and precipitation, even for hourly values.

Variability of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 495-518
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Świerkosz ◽  
Kamila Reczyńska ◽  
Karel Boublík
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
R Software ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Alps

AbstractUsing vegetation databases from Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and our own material collected during a field work, we have analysed the variability of species composition of Abies alba-dominated communities in Central Europe. Analysis was performed using a modified TWINSPAN algorithm in the JUICE software. Ecological analysis was performed on the basis of mean Ellenberg indicator values with a MoPeT_v1.0.r script prepared in R software. In general, the findings indicated that there are at least 8 types of Central European silver fir-dominated forests with different patterns in species composition and habitat conditions. These are the oligotrophic subcontinental silver fir forests of the Polish highlands, oligotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forest, hygrophilous silver fir forests, oligo-mesotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forests, mesotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forests, submontane and montane calcicolous silver fir forests of the Alps and the Carpathians, eutrophic silver fir-beech forests and silver fir ravine forests. The main conclusion is that the diversity of species composition of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe is lower than described in current regional synthesis, which was confirmed by ecological analyses.

Description of three new species of Trichoceridae (Diptera, Nematocera) from nothern Sweden and the Alps

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Dahl
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Three New Species

AbstractThree new species of the genus Trichocera are described: T.(T.) implicata n.sp., T.(T.) mendli n.sp., both from northern Sweden and the western Alps, and T.(M.) candida n.sp. from the western Alps. The descriptions are based on males only. The material comes mainly from light-trap collections and it is difficult to assign the females to the species described. Whether T. implicata and T. mendli really represent a boreo-alpine element is uncertain as practically no collections of trichocerids from the mountainous parts of Central Europe exist.

A Study on the Genetic Variability of Biatora Helvola using Rapd Markers

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Printzen ◽  
H. Thorsten Lumbsch ◽  
Imke Schmitt ◽  
G. Benno Feige
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
The Alps

AbstractBiatora helvola is a corticolous crustose lichen occurring in boreal and montane spruce and spruce-fir-beech forests. After the last glaciation, spruce reinvaded Europe from three refugia situated in the Carpathians, southeastern parts of the Alps and the Ural Mts., resulting in a slightly disjunct distribution. Our aim was to find out whether the glacial fragmentation of the distributional area of spruce is reflected by genetic differences in a typical spruce-forest lichen. Collections of Biatora helvola from Scandinavia and various parts of Central Europe were investigated using RAPD analysis. Algal free periclinal sections of the apothecia were obtained using a freezing microtome and transferred directly into PCR tubes. Six different RAPD primers were used. The data were analysed using PAUP*. It was shown that genetic differences between samples of B. helvola reflect the glacial disjunction of spruce in Europe.

scholarly journals Hidden on both sides of the Alps: Rubus noricus, a new species of bramble (Rosaceae) from Austria and Germany

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 489 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
MICHAEL HOHLA ◽  
KONRAD PAGITZ ◽  
GERGELY KIRÁLY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
North And South ◽  
North Western ◽  
A New Species

Rubus ser. Rhamnifolii includes apomictic polyploid species, which occur in north-western and central Europe, with rare outposts to eastern central Europe. A regionally distributed tetraploid species of the series occurring north and south of the Eastern Alps in Austria and Germany, Rubus noricus is described here. The new species is morphologically compared with similar taxa of the series, moreover, comprehensive iconography, data on distribution and ecology are presented.

scholarly journals Early instrumental meteorological observations in Switzerland: 1708–1873

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Brugnara ◽  
Lucas Pfister ◽  
Leonie Villiger ◽  
Christian Rohr ◽  
Francesco Alessandro Isotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Past Climate Variability

Abstract. We describe a dataset of recently digitised meteorological observations from 40 locations in today's Switzerland, covering the 18th and 19th century. Three fundamental variables – temperature, pressure, and precipitation – are provided in a standard format, after they have been converted into modern units and quality controlled. The raw data produced by the digitisation, often including additional variables and annotations, are also provided. Digitisation was performed by manually typing the data from photographs of the original sources, which were in most cases handwritten weather diaries. These observations will be important for studying past climate variability in Central Europe and in the Alps, although the general scarcity of metadata (e.g., detailed information on the instruments and their exposure) implies that some caution is required when using the data.

scholarly journals Climatology of Vb-cyclones, physical mechanisms and their impact on extreme precipitation over Central Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 907-941
Author(s):  
M. Messmer ◽  
J. J. Gómez-Navarro ◽  
C. C. Raible
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Detection And Tracking ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Precipitation Events ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

Abstract. Cyclones, which develop over the western Mediterranean and move northeastward are a major source of extreme weather and known to be responsible for heavy precipitation over Central Europe and the Alps. As the relevant processes triggering these so-called Vb-events and their impact on extreme precipitation are not yet fully understood, this study focusses on gaining insight into the dynamics of past events. For this, a cyclone detection and tracking tool is applied to the ERA-Interim reanalysis (1979–2013) to identify prominent Vb-situations. Precipitation in the ERA-Interim and the E-OBS datasets is used to evaluate case-to-case precipitation amounts and to assess consistency between the two datasets. Both datasets exhibit high variability in precipitation amounts among different Vb-events. While only 23 % of all Vb-events are associated with extreme precipitation, around 15 % of all extreme precipitation days (99 percentile) over the Alpine region are induced by Vb-events, although Vb-cyclones are rare events (2.3 per year). To obtain a better understanding of the variability within Vb-events, the analysis of the 10 heaviest and lowest precipitation Vb-events reveals noticeable differences in the state of the atmosphere. These differences are most pronounced in the geopotential height and potential vorticity field, indicating a much stronger cyclone for heavy precipitation events. The related differences in wind direction are responsible for the moisture transport around the Alps and the orographical lifting along the Alps. These effects are the main reasons for a disastrous outcome of Vb-events, and consequently are absent in the Vb-events associated with low precipitation. Hence, our results point out that heavy precipitation related to Vb-events is mainly related to large-scale dynamics rather than to thermodynamic processes.

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