Operating strategy for optimized CO2 and NOx emissions of diesel-engine mild-hybrid vehicles

Decarbonization of ship power plants and reduction of harmful emissions has become a priority in the technological development of maritime transport, including ships operating in seaports. Engines fueled by diesel without using secondary emission reduction technologies cannot meet MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The MEPC.203 (62) EEDI directive of the IMO also stipulates a standard for CO2 emissions. This study presents the results of research on ecological parameters when a CAT 3516C diesel engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-liquefied natural gas) powered Wartsila 9L20DF engine on an existing seaport tugboat. CO2, SO2 and NOx emission reductions were estimated using data from the actual engine load cycle, the fuel consumption of the KLASCO-3 tugboat, and engine-prototype experimental data. Emission analysis was performed to verify the efficiency of the dual-fuel engine in reducing CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions of seaport tugboats. The study found that replacing a diesel engine with a dual-fuel-powered engine led to a reduction in annual emissions of 10% for CO2, 91% for SO2, and 65% for NOx. Based on today’s fuel price market data an economic impact assessment was conducted based on the estimated annual fuel consumption of the existing KLASCO-3 seaport tugboat when a diesel-powered engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-natural gas)-powered engine. The study showed that a 33% fuel costs savings can be achieved each year. Based on the approved methodology, an ecological impact assessment was conducted for the entire fleet of tugboats operating in the Baltic Sea ports if the fuel type was changed from diesel to natural gas. The results of the assessment showed that replacing diesel fuel with natural gas achieved 78% environmental impact in terms of NOx emissions according to MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The research concludes that new-generation engines on the market powered by environmentally friendly fuels such as LNG can modernise a large number of existing seaport tugboats, significantly reducing their emissions in ECA regions such as the Baltic Sea.

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Model-Based Control of Torque and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in a Euro VI 3.0 L Diesel Engine through Rapid Prototyping

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1107

Author(s):

Stefano d’Ambrosio ◽

Roberto Finesso ◽

Gilles Hardy ◽

Andrea Manelli ◽

Alessandro Mancarella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Rapid Prototyping ◽

Nitrogen Oxide ◽

Thermal State ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Computational Time ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Model Based ◽

Brake Mean Effective Pressure ◽

The Impact

In the present paper, a model-based controller of engine torque and engine-out Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, which was previously developed and tested by means of offline simulations, has been validated on a FPT F1C 3.0 L diesel engine by means of rapid prototyping. With reference to the previous version, a new NOx model has been implemented to improve robustness in terms of NOx prediction. The experimental tests have confirmed the basic functionality of the controller in transient conditions, over different load ramps at fixed engine speeds, over which the average RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) values for the control of NOx emissions were of the order of 55–90 ppm, while the average RMSE values for the control of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) were of the order of 0.25–0.39 bar. However, the test results also highlighted the need for further improvements, especially concerning the effect of the engine thermal state on the NOx emissions in transient operation. Moreover, several aspects, such as the check of the computational time, the impact of the controller on other pollutant emissions, or on the long-term engine operations, will have to be evaluated in future studies in view of the controller implementation on the engine control unit.

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A novel acceleration-based mode selection approach in mild hybrid vehicles

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1969/1/012062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1969 (1) ◽

pp. 012062

Author(s):

Pataparambath Noyalraj Shanu ◽

Subramaniam Senthilkumar

Keyword(s):

Mode Selection ◽

Hybrid Vehicles ◽

Selection Approach ◽

Mild Hybrid

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Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Variable Injection Timing System Performance Evaluation and Optimum Setting for Minimum Fuel Consumption at Acceptable NOx Levels

Volume 2: Dynamics, Vibration and Control; Energy; Fluids Engineering; Micro and Nano Manufacturing ◽

10.1115/esda2014-20528 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dimitrios T. Hountalas ◽

Spiridon Raptotasios ◽

Antonis Antonopoulos ◽

Stavros Daniolos ◽

Iosif Dolaptzis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Specific Fuel Consumption ◽

Injection Timing ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Pressure Measurements ◽

Cylinder Pressure ◽

Start Of Injection

Currently the most promising solution for marine propulsion is the two-stroke low-speed diesel engine. Start of Injection (SOI) is of significant importance for these engines due to its effect on firing pressure and specific fuel consumption. Therefore these engines are usually equipped with Variable Injection Timing (VIT) systems for variation of SOI with load. Proper operation of these systems is essential for both safe engine operation and performance since they are also used to control peak firing pressure. However, it is rather difficult to evaluate the operation of VIT system and determine the required rack settings for a specific SOI angle without using experimental techniques, which are extremely expensive and time consuming. For this reason in the present work it is examined the use of on-board monitoring and diagnosis techniques to overcome this difficulty. The application is conducted on a commercial vessel equipped with a two-stroke engine from which cylinder pressure measurements were acquired. From the processing of measurements acquired at various operating conditions it is determined the relation between VIT rack position and start of injection angle. This is used to evaluate the VIT system condition and determine the required settings to achieve the desired SOI angle. After VIT system tuning, new measurements were acquired from the processing of which results were derived for various operating parameters, i.e. brake power, specific fuel consumption, heat release rate, start of combustion etc. From the comparative evaluation of results before and after VIT adjustment it is revealed an improvement of specific fuel consumption while firing pressure remains within limits. It is thus revealed that the proposed method has the potential to overcome the disadvantages of purely experimental trial and error methods and that its use can result to fuel saving with minimum effort and time. To evaluate the corresponding effect on NOx emissions, as required by Marpol Annex-VI regulation a theoretical investigation is conducted using a multi-zone combustion model. Shop-test and NOx-file data are used to evaluate its ability to predict engine performance and NOx emissions before conducting the investigation. Moreover, the results derived from the on-board cylinder pressure measurements, after VIT system tuning, are used to evaluate the model’s ability to predict the effect of SOI variation on engine performance. Then the simulation model is applied to estimate the impact of SOI advance on NOx emissions. As revealed NOx emissions remain within limits despite the SOI variation (increase).

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Experimental study on particulate and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra low sulfur diesel, RME-diesel blends and PME-diesel blends

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.056 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 408 (5) ◽

pp. 1050-1058 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Lei Zhu ◽

Wugao Zhang ◽

Wei Liu ◽

Zhen Huang

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽

Low Sulfur

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Effect of Biodiesel, JP-8 and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel on Autoignition, Combustion, Performance and Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/icef2010-35060 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chandrasekharan Jayakumar ◽

Jagdish Nargunde ◽

Anubhav Sinha ◽

Walter Bryzik ◽

Naeim A. Henein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Nox Emissions ◽

Single Cylinder ◽

Combustion Performance ◽

Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽

Diffusion Controlled ◽

Performance And Emissions ◽

Combustion Fraction ◽

Low Sulfur

Concern about the depletion of petroleum reserves, rising prices of conventional fuels, security of supply and global warming have driven research toward the development of renewable fuels for use in diesel engines. These fuels have different physical and chemical properties that affect the diesel combustion process. This paper compares between the autoignition, combustion, performance and emissions of soybean derived biodiesel, JP-8 and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in a high speed single-cylinder research diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system. Tests were conducted at steady state conditions at different injection pressures ranging from 600 bar to 1200 bar. The ‘rate of heat release’ traces are analyzed to determine the effect of fuel properties on the ignition delay, premixed combustion fraction and mixing and diffusion controlled combustion fractions. Biodiesel produced the largest diffusion controlled combustion fraction at all injection pressures compared to ULSD and JP-8. At 600 bar injection pressure, the diffusion controlled combustion fraction for biodiesel was 53% whereas both JP-8 and ULSD produced 39%. In addition, the effect of fuel properties on engine performance, fuel economy, and engine-out emissions is determined. On an average JP-8 produced 3% higher thermal efficiency than ULSD. Special attention is given to the NOx emissions and particulate matter characteristics. On an average biodiesel produced 37% less NOx emissions compared to ULSD and JP-8.

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